question

Dyslexia***

answer

adequate intelligence yet trouble with reading, writing and spelling.

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Strephosymbolia***

answer

means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia.

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phonetics

answer

the study of speech sounds in spoken language

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phonological awareness

answer

the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels

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phonemic awareness

answer

awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words

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phonics

answer

instruction that connects sounds and letters

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intensive phonics***

answer

Intensive phonics refers to the early focused emphasis on teaching and practicing sound/symbol relationships.

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synthetic phonics***

answer

explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words Synthetic phonics refers to teaching individual sound/symbol relationships, then blending those learned into words

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alphabetic principle

answer

the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters

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consonant

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blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed

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vowel

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open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract

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phonology, morphology, syntax***

answer

form of language

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phonology***

answer

the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language

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fluency***

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reading with rapidity and automaticity

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prosody***

answer

the rhythmic flow of oral reading

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pragmatics***

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set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by

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syntax***

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sentence structure, grammar, usage

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semantics***

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content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us

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phoneme***

answer

smallest unit of sound in a syllable

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spelling***

answer

sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme

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orthography***

answer

the spelling of written language

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orthographic memory***

answer

memory of letter patterns and word spellings

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metalinguistics***

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awareness of language as an entity

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guided discovery***

answer

a method of leading students to new learning through questioning

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Heuristic***

answer

means to discover by demonstration

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grapheme

answer

a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound

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decoding

answer

word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word

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blending***

answer

fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units

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reading***

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symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme

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morpheme***

answer

the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes.

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morphology***

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the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words

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fricative

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a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z /

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nasal sound

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a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m /

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continuant sound

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a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f /

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stop consonant sound

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a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d /

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aspiration***

answer

puff of air

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1066 A.D.***

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Norman invasion, great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters

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Number words one to a thousand

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Anglo-Saxon

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Most of the basic color words

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Anglo-Saxon

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The names of farm, forest and ocean animals

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Anglo-Saxon

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Outer body parts

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Anglo-Saxon

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Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with ck: pick, duck, sack

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with tw: twin, twilight, between

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with wr: write, wring, wrist

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Anglo-Saxon

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Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap

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Anglo-Saxon

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One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match

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Anglo-Saxon

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One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge

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Anglo-Saxon

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Short words with th: this, these, bath

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with wh: why, while, when

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot

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Anglo-Saxon

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One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow

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Anglo-Saxon

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Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen

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Anglo-Saxon

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Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind

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Anglo-Saxon

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Most pronouns: he, she, us

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Anglo-Saxon

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Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin

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Anglo-Saxon

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Words with ng

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Anglo-Saxon

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Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate

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Latin

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Words with ct: act, direct, conduct

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Latin

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Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt

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Latin

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Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation

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Latin

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Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious

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Latin

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Words with sion: erosion, collision

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Latin

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Words with ssion: passion, expression

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Latin

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Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy

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Latin

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Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual

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Latin

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Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate

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Latin

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Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor

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Latin

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Words with ular: regular, popular

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Latin

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Words with j: joint, journal

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Latin

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Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge

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Latin

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Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city

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Latin

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Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors

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Latin

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Medical , technical and scientific words

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Greek

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Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone

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Greek

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Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid

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Greek

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Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope

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Greek

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Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete

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Greek

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Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme

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Greek

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Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter

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Greek

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Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra

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Greek

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Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus

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Greek

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Words with ology: biology, theology, astrology

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Greek

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Words with silent initial p: pseudonym, psychology

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Greek

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Rapid letter naming is the key to

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automatic word recognition

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decoding and encoding refer to

answer

applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning

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recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words are all part of

answer

decoding

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Effective handwriting instruction includes teaching includes teaching

answer

the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter

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Beginning of the 20th Century

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Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" - Mc Guffey Readers.

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1930 to 1960's Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method )

answer

Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance.

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Mid 50's Rudolph Flesch

answer

Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read"

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1965 NICHD****

answer

Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading.

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1967 "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall

answer

This book by Jean Chall caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about.

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1960's to Mid 80"s Basal Reading Programs

answer

These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs.

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1980's Whole Language Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith

answer

Developed the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out.

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1985 G. Reid Lyon

answer

Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD.

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2000 National Reading Panel Report

answer

Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading."

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Percentage of students in special ed who can't read

answer

85% (NICHD)

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Five critical components of reading instruction***

answer

phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified)

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I M F

answer

initial, medial, final

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Middle

answer

means very center

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Medial

answer

means between initial and final

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V

answer

vowel

question

C

answer

consonant

question

Paired equivalent sounds

answer

/ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/

question

How are our decks aligned and why?***

answer

Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds

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Digraph

answer

two letters that come together to make one sound

question

Trigraph

answer

three letters that come together to make one sound

question

Quadrigraph

answer

four letters that come together to make one sound

question

Diphthong

answer

two adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together

question

Combinations

answer

pattern of letters which occurs frequently together

question

Code marks

answer

breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u) in an unaccented syllable = mark in dictionary

question

How are our decks aligned and why?***

answer

Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds

question

Digraph

answer

two letters that come together to make one sound

question

Trigraph

answer

three letters that come together to make one sound

question

Quadrigraph

answer

four letters that come together to make one sound

question

Diphthong

answer

two adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together

question

Combinations

answer

pattern of letters which occurs frequently together

question

VC closed***

answer

a syllable that ends in one or more consonants

question

V open accented***

answer

a syllable that ends in a vowel

question

V-E vowel consonant e***

answer

syllable with a v-e situation

question

VV vowel, vowel***

answer

syllable with a vowel digraph or diphthong

question

VR vowel, r***

answer

syllable with a vowel r combination

question

F.S.S. final stable syllable***

answer

a non phonetic syllable with occurs frequently in the final position of English words.

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VC

answer

vowel in a closed syllable is short code it with a breve.

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V

answer

vowel in an open accented syllable is long code it with a macron.

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V-e

answer

vowel consonant e, the e is silent the vowel is long code it with a macron.

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V

answer

vowel in an open unaccented syllable, i is short, a is obscure, e o and u are half long.

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VV

answer

vowel digraph

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VV

answer

vowel diphthong

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VR

answer

combination - occurs when a single vowel is followed by a single r in the same syllable.

question

When is Vr not a combination?

answer

Vr r = Vr merry - when followed by two rr's, except for ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y

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Base word

answer

plain old English word

question

Root

answer

a word without affixes or endings

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Affix

answer

a letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword

question

Suffix***

answer

changes usage

question

Prefix***

answer

changes meaning

question

Code

answer

box suffixes and prefixes

question

Hard and soft c and g***

answer

make a soft sound when followed by i ,e or y

question

age (ij)

answer

French ending

question

ate (it) or (at)

answer

French ending

question

ice (is)

answer

French ending

question

ine (in) or (en)

answer

French ending

question

ise (is)

answer

French ending

question

ive (iv)

answer

French ending

question

ain (in)

answer

French ending

question

esque (esk)

answer

French ending

question

ile (il)

answer

French ending

question

ique (ik)

answer

French ending

question

ite (it)

answer

French ending

question

current research regarding the brain and developmental dyslexia concludes that

answer

a "glitch" may have taken place during fetal development

question

an individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as demonstrated by

answer

lack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game, erratic emotional behavior

question

a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed page is

answer

a poor visual learner

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most students will learn and retain info better if instruction is given through

answer

multisensory strategies (VKAT)

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intelligence test***

answer

identifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (Stanford-Binet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet

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achievement test***

answer

designed to measure students' specific knowledge and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Examples: Woodcock Johnson, California Achievement Test, Stanford Achievement Tests, Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, WRAT( Wide Range Achievement Test)

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norm-referenced test***

answer

assessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). Examples: Woodcock Johnson, Stanford Achievement Test, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, California Achievement Test, DIBELS, WRAT, WISC-IV, Stanford Binet

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criterion-referenced test***

answer

assessment that (measures knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?). Examples: State assessments, Brigance, DIBELS

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standardized tests***

answer

any tests that are administered and scored in a pre-specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test.

question

curriculum-based measurement***

answer

assessment that measures (knowledge that has been taught.) a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by-week information on the progress a child is making. Examples: classroom tests and quizzes, spelling tests, etc.

question

behavior rating scales***

answer

completed by parents and sometimes teachers and used to check for symptoms of ADHD; measure and compare a child's behavior to that of other children the same age. Examples: Connor's Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Evaluation Scale, Burk's Behavior Rating Scale

question

screening***

answer

brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional or alternate forms of instruction (benchmark).

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progress monitoring***

answer

periodic assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction and/or intervention.

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diagnostic measure***

answer

assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses

question

outcome measure***

answer

assessment that classifies a student in terms of achievement or improvement or grade-level performance based on targeted outcomes

question

formal assessment***

answer

standardized assessment that must be administered and scored according to prescribed procedures. Used to compare overall achievement to that of others of the same age and grade, or to identify comparable strengths and weaknesses (state assessments).

question

informal assessment***

answer

(assessments that are not standardized) a process for gathering information used to make educational decisions using means other than assessments; can include projects, presentations, experiments, demonstrations, performances, portfolios, observations, etc. (spelling tests, etc.).

question

pseudowords***

answer

nonsense words that are phonetically regular

question

formative data***

answer

data that provide information about knowledge to be applied to short-term goals. Collected during instruction through instructional activities, homework; used to adjust instructional practices in an effort to maximize student learning.

question

summative data***

answer

data that provide information about knowledge to be applied to long-term, comprehensive goals. Data collected at the end of a chapter, unit, or course, after instruction has taken place; used to make curriculum decisions, direct future instruction, and improve instructional practices.

question

DIBELS***

answer

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills

question

TPRI***

answer

Texas Primary Reading Inventory: a screening tool for early literacy skills

question

PALS***

answer

Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening: comprehensive assessment of a child's early literacy fundamentals that are predictive of future reading success

question

WRAT***

answer

Wide Range Achievement Test: brief achievement test measuring reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic computation

question

If a student is making A's and B's in the classroom but is a slow reader, the teacher should give what type of assessment***

answer

informal

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The Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Education Battery is***

answer

an academic achievement and norm-referenced test

question

Grade equivalent scores***

answer

are not a dependable representation of progress

question

An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability does not include***

answer

a prescription for a specific intervention (correct)

question

A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or alternative instruction is known as***

answer

informal screening

question

The Conner's Rating Scales are used to measure***

answer

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

question

acuity***

answer

keenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going on)

question

active listening

answer

giving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye contact with him or her

question

structured instruction***

answer

instruction that follows ordered procedures

question

direct instruction***

answer

instruction in which concepts are explicitly taught

question

diagnostic teaching***

answer

teaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs

question

prescriptive teaching***

answer

individualized teaching based on needs

question

systematic and cumulative instruction***

answer

teaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to more difficult

question

explicit instruction***

answer

direct, purposeful instruction

question

VAKT***

answer

Visual , Auditory, Kinesthetic/ Tactile (Grace Fernald)

question

Top-Down Theory***

answer

led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith **strong meaning-based position **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread **this is Whole Language characteristic

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Bottom-Up Theory***

answer

emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics)

question

Interactive Theory***

answer

readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events

question

analytical approach***

answer

whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the board/discover what's the same

question

synthetic approach***

answer

part (letters) to whole words (bottom up)

question

Socratic technique***

answer

Using carefully planned questions, the student is led to discover the new concept

question

Strategies for Remediation of Reading Errors***

answer

J. Visual confusion or substitution of letter shapes K. Confusion or substitution of several sounds for which the same letter may stand L. Transposition, insertion, and omission of letters M. Skipping, guessing, or confusing the common short words N. Transportation, insertion, substitution of words O. Hesitations and repetition of words and phrases P. Disregard of punctuation

question

Steps to follow when a word is misread***

answer

1. Have student name the letters in the word. 2. If student can not give the correct sound, ask student to give keyword for the letter then the sound. 3. Teacher codes the sound with a diacritical mark.

question

What is true about linguistics-based beginning reading approach?***

answer

Learning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat, )

question

To teach syllable division, Mr. Smart first taught his students to recognize closed or (VC) syllables. He then showed the class words such as napkin, impact, and mascot and discussed accent. Later, he demonstrated how the words could be divided into two syllables. Finally he gave the students syllables and asked them to construct words. This is an example of***

answer

synthetic and analytic instruction

question

Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of***

answer

decodable text, linguistic programs, an MSL program

question

Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured language program is essential to ensure what***

answer

automaticity

question

ALTA***

answer

Academic Language Therapy Association

question

IMSLEC***

answer

International Multisensory Structured Language Education Council

question

MSL***

answer

Multisensory Structured Language

question

MSLE***

answer

Multisensory Structured Language Education

question

NICHD***

answer

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

question

Which prominent names are closely associated with research on phonological awareness (Montessori/Clay/Liberman***

answer

Isabelle Liberman

question

Scientifically based research***

answer

is replicated and longitudinal

question

Research by NICHD indicates that of the students with specific learning disabilities receiving special education services***

answer

70 - 80% have deficit in reading

question

According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), what represents the strongest indication of a reading disability***

answer

a deficit in phonology

question

D. Berlin (1887) ***

answer

Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" -- meaning pertaining to words.

question

James Hinshelwood (1917) ***

answer

"word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from Scotland that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected word storage

question

Samuel Orton (1920-1950) ***

answer

Neuropsychiatrist from Columbia University in New York who first recognized dyslexia students in America. He discovered that approximately 10% of students will not learn using the whole words method. Also coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted words), which replaced the former term word blindness.

question

Dr. Madonald Critchley (1964) ***

answer

Established term "developmental dyslexia" at the World Federation of Neurology meeting at the Scottish Rite Hospital.

question

Marianne Frosig (1960)

answer

Did visual tracking research. Findings show there is no relationship between dyslexia and vision acuity.

question

Isabelle Liberman (1973-1984) ***

answer

Did research on phonological awareness that linguistic information is stored in its phonological form (all word recognition requires letter-sound access). Also studied phonological processing deficits affecting the ability to make use of letter-sound associations as an effect of rapid retrieval problems. Discovered tapping exercises.

question

Hugh Catts (1986) ***

answer

Speech language pathologist working at the University of Kansas. Did remedial work for programs to improve phonological awareness.

question

Keith Stanovich (1980)

answer

Researched the process of phonics and the need to attach sound to symbol. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers (comprehension work).

question

Bonita Blachman

answer

professor at Syracuse University. Has done much research in the field of phonology and reading.Created Elkonian cards (kids who couldn't read couldn't segment sounds as well).

question

Free morpheme

answer

can stand alone as words and do not have to be combined with other morphemes.

question

Free morpheme: function words

answer

prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, articles

question

Free morpheme: content words

answer

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

question

Free morpheme: compounds

answer

generally composed of Anglo-Saxon words, combinations of two free morphemes

question

Bound morphemes

answer

work as meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes (suffixes, bound roots [Latin], and prefixes).

question

Inflections

answer

bound morphemes that show possession, gender, or number (noun - s, a, es); tense, voice, or mood (verb - ed, en, could have been); and comparison (adjective - er, est).

question

Derivational suffixes

answer

morphemes, added to roots or bases to form new words that usually change the grammatical category of a word.

question

Greek-derived morphemes

answer

not necessarily assigned specific roles as prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order.

question

Derivational complexity

answer

characterizes the number and type of changes that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation.

question

Norman Geschwind (1983) ***

answer

Pioneer as a neurologist in the etiology of dyslexia who linked dyslexia to the male sex, left-handedness, and autoimmune disease. Also known as the "pathology of superiority". Beth Israel Hospital. only correct about auto-immune (6th chromosome)

question

Albert Galaburda (1985)***

answer

Discovered the abnormal migration of neural cells during fetal development (glitch) causing the right and left hemispheres to be symmetrical rather than asymmetrical. Cold be why dyslexics are more right-brained. Coined term "brain dysfunctional".

question

Frank Wood (1991)

answer

Bowman Gray leading research site researched blood flow differences to the part of the brain that controls language processing. Looked at the overlap between dyslexia and attention deficit disorder.

question

Sally and Bennett Shaywitz (1990's)***

answer

Work at the Yale Center for the Study of Learning and Attention using MRI to study the neurobiology of dyslexia. Identified the parts of the brain used in reading, found that dyslexia affects equal numbers of girls and boys, found that phonological processing is the root of the disorder.

question

Arthur Benton (1982)

answer

Discovered language, especially written language, is a "cultural product and not a biological characteristic."

question

John Defries (1991)

answer

Started twin study in Colorado looking into the heritability of dyslexia (Pennington continued later)

question

Herbert Lubs (1993)

answer

Studied families and attempted to locate genes relating to dyslexia

question

Bruce Pennington (1990's)***

answer

Presented findings related to linking dyslexia genetically to the 6th and 15th chromosomes. "Dyslexia is both familial and heritable," found through the studies of twins

question

Paula Tallal (1990's) ***

answer

spelling expert. Supports phonological deficit findings by studying the spelling habits of dyslexic children and noticing they rely heavily on phonological skills for reading. Evidence shows these children do not differentiate blended similar sounds.

question

Louisa Moats ***

answer

Spelling: Development, Disability, and Instruction. Author of "Teaching Reading IS Rocket Science", "Straight Talk About Reading", "LETRS" program, "Parenting a Struggling Reader".

question

Maria Montessori

answer

Writing, recognized that children learn to read best by composing their own words, writing before reading

question

Diana King

answer

writing, handwriting

question

Richard Olsen

answer

reading rate

question

Keith Stanovich

answer

comprehension

question

Jeanne Chall ***

answer

Professor of education Emeritus, Harvard University. Recipient of 1996 ODS Samuel T. Orton Award. Developed stages of reading. Her theory develops the six stages of reading.

question

Marilyn Adams

answer

Senior scientist, Bold Berenek and Newman has done much research in the field of reading and written extensively, including "Beginning to Read: Thinking and Learning about Print"

question

Judith Birsh

answer

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. Responsible for structured language training within the undergraduate curriculum to fulfill teaching requirements.

question

Dianna Clark

answer

Wrote "Dyslexia: Theory and Practice of Remedial Instruction"

question

Grace Fernald ***

answer

VAKT system

question

Anna Gillingham (1920)

answer

Wrote a curriculum whose materials followed the multisensory integration of language skills as prescribed by Dr. Orton

question

Aylett Cox ***

answer

Developed Alphabetic Phonics curriculum for Dean Learning Center and Texas Scottish Rite Hospital

question

Barbara Foorman

answer

Professor, Department of Education Psychology, University of Texas Scottish Rite Hospital

question

Reid G. Lyon

answer

Chief, Learning Disabilities Unit, National Institutes of Health. Connected to National Reading Panel Report and No Child Left Behind Reading Initiative

question

Richard Masland

answer

"Preschool Prevention of Reading Failure." Past president of the World Federation of Neurology

question

Margaret Rawson

answer

A pioneer in the field of dyslexia. One of many important contributions is "The Many Faces of Dyslexia"

question

Joseph Torgensen

answer

Principal investigator, reading research, NICH. Professor of psychology, Florida State University

question

Lucius Waites

answer

(retired) Child Development Division, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital of Children. Wrote "Specific Dyslexia and Other Developmental Problems in Children: A Synopsis"

question

Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith (1967)***

answer

Developed the "top-down" theory of reading

question

David Rummelhart (1977)***

answer

Developed the interactive theory which combines both the "bottom-up" and "top-down" theories of reading

question

Public law 94-142 (original form)***

answer

Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA)

question

Public law 94-142 ***

answer

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (1967)

question

IDEA

answer

free and appropriate education for all children, access to specialist who plans IEP, requires schools to provide assistance and services necessary for acquiring an education

question

Section 504 ***

answer

part of Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (amended in 1988) is a civil rights statute. It is a protection law. It protects against discrimination, ensures opportunity for participation and success in major life activities, provides reasonable accommodations, is not an entitlement or or funding stature, does not require a student to "qualify"; the law is in place in case a child needs protection

question

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)***

answer

disorder characterized by difficulty attending to and completing tasks.

question

IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act***

answer

federal legislation that requires special education and related services for qualified students with disabilities

question

ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ***

answer

federal law that protects the rights of people with disabilities

question

ESL***

answer

English as a Second Language

question

ELL***

answer

English Language Learner

question

ESOL***

answer

English Speakers of Other Languages

question

Section 504***

answer

federal legislation through which services can be provided for students with disabilities who are performing well and who no longer need special education or related services but instead need only reasonable accommodations

question

dyslexia***

answer

a specific learning disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and /or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities

question

RAN rapid automatized naming

answer

the quick repeated naming of a series of objects, colors, or letters in random order

question

double deficit dyslexia

answer

deficit in phonological awareness and rapid naming

question

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review SQ3R

answer

a reading comprehension strategy

question

assistive technology

answer

equipment or products used by individuals with disabilities to improve functioning in activities

question

continuous speech recognition

answer

pertaining to voice recognition software that allows the speaker to speak at a conversational pace (rather than saying each word separately)

question

executive function difficulties

answer

difficulty with certain cognitive skills, including disorganization of time and use of materials and difficulty narrowing a topic

question

IEP Individualized Education Program***

answer

a document that identifies a child as having a disability and delineates referral, evaluation, special education and related services to be provided, goal/objectives, and assessment of progress

question

due process***

answer

the right of parents of a child with disabilities to receive notice of changes in the child's education program and a hearing if there is a disagreement

question

An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability does not include***

answer

a prescription for a specific intervention

question

A person who, has a history of having, or is regarded as having an impairment that significantly limits one or more of life's major functions 42 U.S.C. 12102 (2) is entitled to benefits under***

answer

Both Section 504 and IDEA

question

According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), which of the following represents the strongest indication of a reading disability?***

answer

A deficit in phonology.

question

Prior to a formal or informal hearing by the Ethics and Grievances committee against a member or student member of ALTA, the member shall be advised of the specifics of the complaint (as well as date, time, place of informal or formal hearings) no less than ___ days prior to the date set for the hearing.***

answer

15 days

question

An IMSLEC & ALTA therapist shall do which of the following***

answer

A. Neither give or receive a commission, rebate or any other form of remuneration for the referral of students for therapy. B. Strive for continued professional growth. C. Not engage in the diagnosis or medical treatment of dyslexia unless otherwise qualified to do so.

question

Your private student has reached all of the benchmarks you have administered throughout the curriculum. His parents want you to recommend placement for the coming school year. You should***

answer

Give parents documentation of the services he has received from you and discuss gradual transition into the classroom. (correct)

question

According to the IMSLEC & ALTA Codes of Ethics, as an MSL teacher/therapist you should***

answer

provide reasonable expectations of student outcomes to students & parents

question

Which item is NOT stated in The Code of Ethics of each of the participating organizations in The Alliance?***

answer

A. Due regard will be shown for the confidentially of clients. B. Equal opportunity will be provided for all people. C. Fees for services to clients will be set by training courses. (correct) D. Refer only to individuals qualified to perform professional services.

question

Mr. Smith contacts you to inquire about services for his son. During the telephone interview, he inquires about your qualifications. His son's teacher indicated that your training had been completed to provide the requested Services. Unfortunately, the teacher misunderstood the length of your training and this statement is not accurate, since your training is only partially complete. Ethically, you should Advise Mr. Smith that you***

answer

are not yet fully qualified (correct)

question

Chall's Stage 0***

answer

Prereading: Oral language development, children master many prerequisites for reading at this stage, Identifies a few letters of the alphabet, prints name, read a few words, has knowledge about books (birth-age 6)

question

Chall's Stage 1***

answer

Initial Reading: Letters represent sounds, Sound-spelling relationships, Children acquire phonological recoding skill - ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend the sounds together to form words - /m/-/a/-/t/ = mat, Finish learning letters and sounds, begin reading simple texts (age 6-7)

question

Chall's Stage 2***

answer

Confirmation and Fluency: Decoding skills, Fluency, Additional strategies, Begin to read fluently, focus is on identifying individual words more quickly, become automatic in reading familiar texts, Reading is not focused on gaining new information or learning from reading, but is used to gain control of reading - read fluently and quickly decode words (age 7-8)

question

Chall's Stage 3***

answer

Reading for Learning "the New": Expand vocabularies, Build background and world knowledge, Develop strategic habits, Reads to learn - children become capable of obtaining new information from print - use reading as a tool to acquire new knowledge, Growing importance of word meaning, prior knowledge, and strategic knowledge, Children have a singular viewpoint when reading, Example: child goes to the zoo and sees a Siberian Tiger (age 8-14)

question

Chall's Stage 4***

answer

Multiple Viewpoints: Analyze texts critically, Understand multiple points of view, Reads material from multiple viewpoints, Improve their ability to think critically about what they read with a deeper understanding of the information, Example: understanding subjects such as history or politics (age 14-18)

question

Chall's Stage 5***

answer

Construction and Reconstruction: s Construct understanding based on analysis and synthesis, Forms knowledge from reading on a higher level of abstraction, Able to construct their own viewpoint of what they have read and critically analyze the viewpoints of others, Example: able to read information on the development of object permanence and construct their own views on this subject (age 18+)

question

example of Greek words of origin

answer

rhythm, chorus, thermometer, psychology, rhododendron, sympathy

question

orthography

answer

letter pattern in written words; spelling system

question

NICHD

answer

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

question

encoding

answer

spelling/writing

question

decoding

answer

reading

question

Semantics

answer

content of language

question

Analytic

answer

whole to part; reading

question

Synthetic

answer

part to whole; spelling

question

homophones

answer

words that sound the same but are spelled differently

question

synonyms

answer

words that have the same meaning

question

antonyms

answer

words with opposite meaning

question

Homophones, Synonyms and Antonyms are all examples of ?

answer

Semantics

question

What prefixes mean the same thing?

answer

contra-, anti-

question

Syllable division is an example of what type of learning?

answer

BOTH Analytic and Synthetic

question

A Teacher is using the overhead to teach, make diagrams and have students come up and fill in some of the answers. This is an example of?

answer

Discovery Learning

question

A child can read words easily in a list, but reads word by word in text. What form of remediation is needed?

answer

Phrasing

question

When was Chall's research done?

answer

1983

question

permit/permit

answer

the Accent changes the part of speech and meaning

question

To diagnose dyslexia you would need to perform ?

answer

a series of formal and informal tests

question

A student having difficulty with semantics would struggle with?

answer

metaphors, similies and idioms

question

"lexia" comes from?

answer

Greek

question

What determines the amount to charge for tutoring?

answer

socioeconomics

question

Morpheme

answer

smallest unit of meaning

question

Phoneme

answer

smallest unit of sound in a syllable

question

What word is NOT r-controlled?

answer

berry

question

What word doesn't have a use for the silent e?

answer

awe

question

Science and Mathematic words come from?

answer

Greek

question

504 is an extension of?

answer

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

question

What does ASAP stand for?

answer

Accent, number of Syllables, Adjacent letters, Position in the word

question

dyslexia is a disorder that is________-based

answer

language

question

Developmental Dyslexia is?

answer

a glitch in the brain during fetal development that one is born with

question

IDEA and 504 both mandate a ________ & _________ _________ Education

answer

F.A.P.E. (Free and Appropriate Public Education)

question

Pragmatics is ?

answer

the practical application of language; conversation

question

Soft C rule

answer

c sounds like s before e, i and y

question

Most recent pioneer in Phonemic Awareness? Wrote "Spelling: Development, Disability, and Instruction"

answer

Louisa C. Moats

question

The accent usually falls on what syllable in the English language?

answer

first

question

What type of memory does Rapid Naming require?

answer

long-term memory

question

What type of memory does Phonological Memory require?

answer

short-term memory

question

Auditory Discovery

answer

when the teacher leads students to new information, having them echo words to listen for the same new sound

question

How should a teacher transition from one activity to another?

answer

signal

question

Active Learning

answer

students learn by connecting prior knowledge

question

Chall's Stage 0

answer

Pre-Reading (0-6 yrs)

question

Chall's Stage 1

answer

Decoding (6-7 yrs)

question

Chall's Stage 2

answer

Confirmation (7-9 yrs/K-2)

question

Chall's Stage 3

answer

Reading to Learn (9-14 yrs/3-8 gr.)

question

Chall's Stage 4

answer

Multiple Viewpoints (14-18 yrs/9-12 gr.)

question

Chall's Stage 5

answer

Construction (18-Adult/University and beyond)

question

Double Deficit

answer

deficit in Phonological Awareness and Rapid Naming

question

Name 2 tests for Phonological Awareness

answer

Test of Phonological Awareness (TOPA-2), Phonological Awareness Test (PAT-2), Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP)---

question

The CTOPP sections are: Phonological awareness, Phonological memory, and rapid naming

answer

...

question

Expressive Language includes

answer

Form, Use, Content

question

Speaking is a receptive language skill....

answer

...

question

True or False?

answer

False

question

IDEA's "specific learning disability" refers to who?

answer

ALL

question

A parent wants a quick fix for her child. Your response should be?

answer

Every child progresses at their own rate

question

Explicit and Systematic Spelling Instruction includes? (phonological and orthographic? syntax/semantics? literal/figurative language? all of the above?

answer

Phonological and Orthographic

question

A weakness in phonological processing causes all of the following EXCEPT? -weak decoding? -weak reading rate? -weak spatial orientation? -weak reading comprehension?

answer

weak spatial orientation

question

Which is NOT the same as phonological memory? -auditory short term? -orthographic memory? -verbal memory? -auditory working memory?

answer

verbal memory

question

Language processing difficulties are frequently misidentified as?

answer

ADHD

question

Which method is NOT effective for modeling speech sounds?

answer

singing ABC

question

What syllable do you find the schwa vowel in?

answer

unaccented syllable

question

Taking students from the known to unknown (ex: short vowels to long) is an example of?

answer

Discovery Method

question

Which test does NOT test for Phonological Awareness

answer

the PPVT

question

Where do you place a comma in a sentence with quotations?

answer

before the closed quotation mark

question

Where do you place a comma in this sentence:

answer

...

question

I didn't think it would take this long however

answer

before the word "however"

question

What are the four diphthongs?

answer

ou, oi, oy, ow

question

Echolalia

answer

the repeating back of words or phrases in babies

question

What is used to rate ADD

answer

Connors

question

Dyscalculia

answer

math related disorder

question

Strephosymbolia

answer

twisted symbols...coined by Orton

question

A test that is performance-based in relation to a group; standardized

answer

Norm-referenced

question

A test based on knowledge attained by the individual

answer

Criterion-referenced test

question

A test based on material taught in the classroom

answer

Curriculum-referenced test

question

Who is known for the latest research in coding?

answer

Reid Lyon

question

Research that collects data through various kinds of observations

answer

Qualitative

question

Research in which the results are based on a large sample that is representative of the population

answer

Quantitative

question

Research in which the subjects are randomly assigned

answer

Experimental

question

Research conducted without randomized assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups

answer

Quasi-Experimental

question

A specific sensory pathway

answer

modality

question

Pertaining to the simultaneous use of multiple senses

answer

Multisensory

question

Area of the brain for Language Comprehension

answer

Left Temporal Cortex

question

Area of the brain for Speech Production

answer

Left Frontal Cortex

question

Area of the brain for Visual-Verbal Association

answer

Angular Gyrus

question

Area of the brain for Visual Processing

answer

Occipital Cortex

question

A specific language-based disorder characterized by difficulty with single-word reading

answer

Dyslexia

question

Speech problems caused by sensorimotor disruption

answer

Dyspraxia

question

Speech problems caused by musculature weaknesses

answer

Dysarthria

question

The melody of speech--stress, pitch, loudness, etc.

answer

Suprasegmentals

question

Use of Language

answer

Pragmatics

question

Domains of Language

answer

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax

question

gn, kn, wr; vowel pairs; common, everyday words; ch, sh, th, compound words; affixing of base words are all characteristics of which Layer of Language?

answer

Anglo-Saxon Layer

question

roots ending in ct, pt; chameleon prefixes; c/s/t pronounced sh; affixing of roots; schwa vowel sound are all characteristics of which Layer of Language?

answer

Latin Layer

question

initial consonant clusters rh, pt, pn, ps; medial y; combining forms; ph pronounced f are all characteristics of which Layer of Language?

answer

Greek Layer

question

A consonant sound that consists of a slowly released stop followed by a fricative

answer

Affricate: /ch/, /j/

question

A sound produced by forcing air through the nose

answer

Nasal: /n/, /m/

question

A sound that is produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth and lips to make a hissing sound

answer

Fricative: /f/, /z/

question

A sound produced when the lips/tongue are passing from the position for one sound to that of another

answer

Liquid: /l/, /r/

question

A sound in which the outgoing air flow is completely stopped

answer

Stop: /t/, /k/

question

Flowing and vowellike

answer

Glide: /w/, /y/

question

Phonological Awareness

answer

sound structure of the language (skills progress from rhyming to syllable counting to detecting and manipulating phonemes)

question

"How many sounds are in cheek?" is an example of:

answer

...

question

Isolation/Identification; Blending; Segmentation; Deletion/Addition?

answer

Segmentation

question

"What is the first sound in lamp?" is an example of: Isolation/Identification; Blending; Segmentation; Deletion/Addition?

answer

Isolation/Identification

question

"What word is /m/.../a/.../t/?" is an example of: Isolation/Identification; Blending; Segmentation; Deletion/Addition?

answer

Blending

question

"Change the /l/ in lip to /s/" is an example of: Isolation/Identification; Blending; Segmentation; Deletion/Addition?

answer

Deletion/Addition

question

Instruction that connects sounds and letters

answer

Phonics

question

Rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language

answer

Phonology

question

Study of the characteristics of speech sounds

answer

Phonetics

question

The understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by letters

answer

Alphabetic Principle

question

Awareness of the overall sound structure of words

answer

Phonological Awareness

question

A variation of a speech sound

answer

Allphone

question

Awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words

answer

Phonemic Awareness

question

RAN

answer

Rapid automatized naming

question

A class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed

answer

Consonant

question

A method of leading students to new learning through questioning

answer

Guided Discovery

question

A letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound

answer

Grapheme

question

A class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract

answer

Vowel

question

When is c pronounced /k/?

answer

before a, o, u or any consonant

question

When is c pronounced /s/?

answer

before e, i, y

question

When is g pronounced /g/?

answer

before a, o, u or any consonant

question

When is g pronounced /j/?

answer

before e, i, y

question

When is n pronounced /n/?

answer

in initial, medial or final position

question

When is n pronounced /ng?

answer

before any letter pronouced /k/, /g/

question

When is y pronounced with long-i sound?

answer

final position in accented syllable (fly, supply)

question

When is y pronounced with long-e sound?

answer

final position in unaccented syllable (happy, penny)

question

What are the 4 major patterns in English that indicate where a word will be divided into syllables?

answer

VCCV, VCV, VCCCV, VV

question

What is the order of choices for syllable patterns for which syllable will be accented?

answer

1. accent on first syllable

question

2. accent on second syllable

answer

...

question

3. different division and accent on first syllable

answer

...

question

"struct" is an example of what type of morpheme?

answer

bound morpheme

question

"port" is an example of what type of morpheme?

answer

free morpheme

question

-ed is an example of what type ending?

answer

inflectional ending

question

-ful is an example of what?

answer

consonant suffix

question

/t/ and /d/ are examples of what?

answer

cognates

question

the "m" in met is an example of ? (not consonant)

answer

an onset

question

the "et" in met is an example of?

answer

a rime

question

A unit of speech

answer

Syllable

question

Direct, purposeful instruction

answer

Explicit Instruction

question

The overlapping of adjacent sounds when spoken

answer

Coarticulation

question

Reading with rapidity and automaticity

answer

Fluency

question

The rhythmic flow of oral reading

answer

Prosody

question

FLOSS Rule

answer

Double the final consonant if a one-syllable word ends in /f/, /l/ or /s/

question

RABBIT Rule

answer

Double the medial consonant if one medial consonant sound after a short vowel in a 2-syllable word

question

Doubling Rule

answer

If Base word ends in 1 vowel, 1 consonant, and 1 accent, the final consonant is doubled before adding a vowel suffix (ex: omitted)

question

Dropping Rule

answer

If Base word ends in Final e, drop it before adding vowel suffix

question

Changing Rule

answer

If Base word ends in 1 consonant before final y, change y to i before adding a suffix

question

DIBELS

answer

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills

question

PALS

answer

Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening

question

Brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional or alternate forms of instruction

answer

Screening

question

Periodic Assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction

answer

Progress Monitoring

question

Assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses

answer

Diagnostic Measure

question

Data that provide information about knowledge to be applied to short-term goals

answer

Formative Data

question

Core components are goal setting, planning, organization of behaviors over time, flexibility, attention and memory systems, and self-regulation

answer

Executive Function

question

Federal legislation that requires special education and related services for qualified students with disabilities

answer

IDEA

question

Federal law that protects the rights of people with disabilities

answer

ADA

question

Dividend

answer

A total amount that is to be divided by another number

question

Divisor

answer

The number that a total number is divided by

question

coined the phrase "word blindness" 1877

answer

Adolf Kussmaul

question

coined the term "dyslexia" to describe word blindness 1887

answer

Rudolph Berlin

question

Ophthalmologist at the Glasgow Eye Infirmiry; gave detailed description of acquired "word blindness" from a stroke victim; encouraged schools to screen for children with word blindness and provide them appropriate teaching techniques. 1895/1904

answer

Dr. James Hinshelwood

question

First description of congenital word blindness 1896

answer

Dr. Pringle Morgan

question

developed VAKT; 1920s

answer

Grace Fernald

question

coined the term "strephosymbolia"/twisted symbols; cerebral dominance theory; adopted VAKT from Fernald; 1925

answer

Dr. Samuel T. Orton

question

Psychologist and educator in NY; worked with Orton; Developed non-traditional approach to teaching written language skills; Trained 50 teachers w/Sally Childs. 1930-1960

answer

Anna Gillingham

question

Worked with Sally Childs; Wrote Alphabetic Phonics Curriculum at Scottish Rite Hospital in Dallas, 1960

answer

Aylette Cox

question

Kinesthetic activities to establish Right to Left and Visual-Auditory Association with grapheme/phoneme 1960

answer

Bessie Stilman

question

Connecticut Longitudinal Study (K-High school) on Dyslexia. Looked at good & poor readers, prevalence of dyslexic and if dyslexia was a developmental lag or persistent over time? 1983

answer

Sally & Bennett Shaywitz

question

Harvard Professor Emeritus; Wrote "Learning to Read; 1996 ODS ST Orton Award; wrote many books on reading development & instructional methods. 1983

answer

Jeanne S. Chall

question

Author of Phonology & The Problems of Learning to Read and Write. Phonological Awareness: developed hierarchy 1. words in sentence 2. syllables in words 1985

answer

Isabelle Liberman

question

Dyslexia difficulty from poor letter-sound relationship; not visual-spatial. 1987

answer

Vellutin

question

Required proposals for centers to investigate LD (U of CO, Johns Hopkins U, Yale) 1987

answer

NICHD

question

Importance of Phonological Awareness. Two Components of Reading: Decoding and Comprehension; Weakness in phonological awareness interferes with decoding...1990s

answer

Bradley & Bryant

question

Phrenology; late 18th Century

answer

Franz Joseph Gall

question

1861; observed the first documented case of aphasia --Left frontal region of brain (France)

answer

Broca

question

1950s; Theorized Dyslexia resulted from damage during fetal development

answer

Norman Geschwind

question

Allows for observation of the inner workings of the brain at work

answer

fMRI

question

Meaning of "Dyslexia"

answer

dys= bad, hard, or difficult

question

lex= words

answer

...

question

Most prominent deficit of Dyslexia

answer

area of phonological awareness

question

Reading/Writing/Spelling characteristics (of dyslexia) are result of:

answer

difficulty with development of Phonological Awareness, learning names of letters and associated sounds, phonological memory and/or, rapid naming of familiar objects, colors, or letters of the alphabet

question

5 Related Disorders of Dyslexia

answer

1. Developmental Auditory Imperception

question

2. Dysphasia

answer

...

question

3. Specific Developmental Dyslexia

answer

...

question

4. Developmental Dysgraphia

answer

...

question

5. Developmental Spelling Disability

answer

...

question

NIH/IDA Definition of Dyslexia

answer

Characterized by difficulties in single-word decoding and in acquiring proficiency in writing and spelling. Key word in this definition is *unexpected* It is an *inclusionary* definition.

question

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University--responsible for structured language training, author of "Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills"

answer

Judith Birsh

question

Professor at Syracuse University--has done a great deal of research in the field of phonology/reading

answer

Bonita Blachman

question

Senior Scientist, Bold Berenek & Newman has done much research in the field of reading and written extensively, including "Beginning to Read Thinking and Learning about Print"

answer

Marilyn J. Adams

question

"The Roots of Phonics" an important historical introduction to phonics with a foreword by Jeanne Chall

answer

Miriam Balmuth

question

Director, Lang. and Learning Disorders Clinic, U. of Maryland Medical System--author of many books and articles including: "What's Wrong with Me? Learning Disabilities at Home and at School"

answer

Regina Cici

question

Dyslexia: Theory & Practice of Remedial Instruction

answer

Dianna B. Clark

question

Professor, Dept. of Educational Psychology, U. of Houston; does extensive research in field of reading and phonology

answer

Barbara Foorman

question

Chief, Learning Disabilities Unit, National Institutes of Health

answer

Reid G. Lyon

question

"Early Prevention of School Failure" Past President of the World Federation of Neurology

answer

Richard Masland

question

"Spelling: Development, Disability, and Instruction"; Works with sound symbol relationships as building blocks within words from the simplest to most complex

answer

Louisa C. Moats

question

Pioneer in the field of Dyslexia; one of the many important contributions is "The Many Faces of Dyslexia"

answer

Margaret Rawson

question

Principal Investigator, Reading Reserach, NICH Professor of Psychology, Florida State University

answer

Joseph Torgesen

question

(Retired) Child Development Division, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children. Author of "Specific Dyslexia and Other Developmental Problems in Children: A Synopsis"

answer

Lucius Waites

question

What is the difference between Phonological and Phonemic Awareness?

answer

Phonemic awareness is at the individual speech sound level

question

Phonological awareness is on the sentence, word, or syllable level

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...

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Elements of Phonological Training (3)

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1. rhyme & alliteration

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2. sentences & words

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...

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3. syllables

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...

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Elements of Phonemic Training (3)

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1. initial sounds

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2. phonemes

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...

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3. letters

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...

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Language

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System of Communication

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4 Components of Language

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1. Phonological (sound)

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2. Semantic (meaning)

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...

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3. Syntactic (sentence structure)

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...

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4. Pragmatic (rules)

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Written Language is acquired through what?

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formal instruction (unlike spoken language)

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Old English Period

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Invasion of Angles and Saxons (449) to Viking Invasions (800) to Early English Kings/Christianity to Norman Conquest (1066)

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Middle English Period

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Norman Conquest (intro of French words); Latin of the church and judicial system influence (1066-1500). 55% of English words originated from Latin.

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Great Vowel Shift

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took place over 200 yrs; vowel caused certain vowel sounds to be pronounced in new positions and created a distinct separation between phonology and spelling

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Modern English Period

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1500-present. Walter Raleigh and Francis Drake brought English language to the new world. Native American, Greek words introduced at this time (science, technology)

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"Failure to learn to decode words because of poor phonological processing cause subsequent deficits in reading comprehension, vocabulary development, and even IQ"

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Stanovich's Matthew Effect

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