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"Abnormal Disability" in Early History

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Thought to be caused by a variety of phenomena such as being possessed by evil spirits, alignment of the stars, godlike powers, etc.

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Treatment for Abnormalities in Early History

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Typically barbaric. Such as: Trephination, exorcisms, beatings, burnings, castration, removal of intestines, animal blood transfusions, imprisonment, etc.

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Trephination

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Drilling holes into the skull directly on top to release the spirit.

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Abnormal Modern Day Definition

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Has to be labeled under the "three D's": Deviant, Distressful, and Dysfunctional.

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Deviant

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Being different from most other people in one's culture; may vary by context (such as killing during war) or time (homosexuality was classified as a disorder from the 50s to the 70s). Often referred to as "statistical infrequency".

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Distressful

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Causes the individual pain, anxiety, etc.

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Dysfunctional

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Impairs the individual's daily life.

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Medical/Mental Health Movement

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Started in the 1800's, replacing asylums with hospitals; Stated that a mental illness needs to be diagnosed on basis of symptoms and cured through therapy and treatment.

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Main Focus of Medical Movement

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Changed from "individual" being the problem to the "illness" being the problem. The biopsychosocial approach to examining disorders is emphasized (focuses more on the causes of the disorder rather than treatment).

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Three-Tier Prevention Scheme

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Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention

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Primary Prevention

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Measures taken to prevent the disease from occurring in the first place. (ex. Wearing sun block to prevent skin cancer).

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Secondary Prevention

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Measures used after disease has occurred, but before the person notices anything. (ex. A doctor checking for new moles.)

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Tertiary Prevention

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Targets a person who already has symptoms of a disease. (ex. Surgery to remove skin cancer, chemotherapy.)

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

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APA's "psychiatrist's bible", lists individual disorders under categories of disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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People-First Language

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One of the recent trends in abnormal psychology has been emphasizing this technique, by not defining a person by their disorder. "A person with schizophrenia" vs. "a schizophrenic".

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Biological Perspective on Disorders

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Genetics, out of balance neurotransmitters. (ex. low serotonin.)

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Evolutionary Perspective on Disorders

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Traits of disorders might be aids to survival. (ex. OCD to staying safe or staying clean.)

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Psychoanalytic Perspective on Disorders

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Results from unconscious internal conflicts. (ex. unconscious fears.)

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Behavioral Perspective on Disorders

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Disorder behaviors are rewarding. (ex. People go through anorexia because they want to look "skinny and good".)

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Cognitive Perspective on Disorders

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Symptoms of disorders due to maladaptive thinking. (ex. depression.)

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Humanistic Perspective on Disorders

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Inability to reach full potential causes disorders. (ex. Actual vs. Ideal Self.)

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Social-Cultural Perspective on Disorders

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Cultural differences affects diagnosis rates. (ex. 1:4 people have a disorder in America, where rest of the world it's around 1:18.)

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Labeling Issues in Diagnosis

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Labels can negatively affect the way we see people, and can create self-fulfilling prophecies. However, for the most part, labels are beneficial as they help us communicate the disorder, comprehend it, and discern effective treatments. Unknown area of behavior going beyond "normal".

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Reliable Diagnosis Controversy

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In the Rosenhan study, eight associates faked hallucination symptoms, all were admitted with schizophrenia (none exposed as imposters).

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Legal System Intersection Controversy

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The word "insanity" is not an actual diagnosis from DSM, just appears out of legal system. DSM is just a collection of opinions of various doctors and committees. IQ's below 70 typically have been excluded from the death penalty due to "mental retardation" definition, based on construct of adaptive functioning.

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Anxiety Disorders

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Primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety; most common group of mental disorders in the USA.

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Panic Disorder

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Characterized by repeated panic attacks (episodes of intense dread) in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, and other frightening sensations.

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Separation Anxiety Disorder

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A psychological condition in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or from people, to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.

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Specific Phobia

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Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, event, or person.

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Agoraphobia

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Fear or avoidance of dangerous or uncomfortable situations in which escape may be difficult. (Typically vast openness or crowdedness.)

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Social Anxiety Disorder

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Characterized by intense fear in one or more social situations due to anxiety over potential social interactions.

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Selective Mutism

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A person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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An individual is continually tense, apprehensive, expecting disaster, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal with no causal root.

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Explanations for Anxiety Disorders

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-fear can be conditioned from the past -can be generalized from situation to situation -avoiding it serves as reinforcement -we can learn fear through observation -some fears are more naturally learned than others

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Major Depressive Disorder

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Characterized by persistent and pervasive low moods that is accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities with no causal factor.

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Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

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A subtype of depression, which is depression experience during the winter months due to lack of sunlight.

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Depression Explanations

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Include alcohol abuse, genetic influences, low amounts of serotonin produced and norepinephrine, and negative explanatory styles.

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Biopolar Disorder

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Characterized by periods of mania (elevated mood and activity/energy) alternating with periods of depression.

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Elimination Disorders

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Primary symptom is elimination of body waste; more commonly diagnosed in children than in adults.

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Enuresis

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The repeated inability to control urination in children or adults old enough to be expected to exercise such control. (approx. age 5 and older)

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Encopresis

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The repeated voluntary or involuntary fecal soiling in children who have usually already been toilet trained.

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Dissociative Disorders

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Symptoms include conscious becoming separated from previous memories, thoughts, or feelings. Generally caused by childhood trauma.

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Dissociative Amnesia (Repression)

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Individual experiences retrograde autobiographical loss of memory with no physiological basis for the disruption.

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Dissociative Fugue

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Subset of dissociative amnesia. A person forgets their past, creates a brand new identity, and begins a new life in a different location.

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Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder (DDD)

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A mental disorder where a person experiences a feeling of watching oneself act with no control over a situation (depersonalization) and a belief that one's external world is unreal (derealization).

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

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A person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Used to be called "multiple personalities disorder." Highly controversial if proven real.

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Feeding and Eating Disorders

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Primary symptoms involve disturbances in eating behavior and distress or concern about body shape or weight.

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Pica Disorder

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Characterized by an appetite for substances that are non-nutritive, such as: paper, clay, metal, chalk, soil, glass or sand.

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Anorexia Nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by food intake restriction, distorted body self-perception, and possible excessive exercise.

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Bulimia Nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging (vomiting or taking a laxative) and possible excessive exercise.

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Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Primary symptoms are characterized by the impairments of the growth and development of the brain and CNS.

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Intellectual Disability

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Characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning defined at an IQ score below 70.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Characterized by social deficits, and communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors and interests, sensory issues, and in some cases, cognitive delays.

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Asperger Syndrome

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Was formerly a type of "high-functioning" autism without the usual cognitive and language delays; no longer exists as a stand-alone diagnosis.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Characterized by significant problems with attention and inhibition control, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness.

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Specific Learning Disorder

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The impediment of ability to learn or use specific academic skills (such as reading, writing or arithmetic) which are the foundation of other academic learning.

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Tourette's Disorder

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Characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics/twitches, and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.

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Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

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Symptoms include impulsivity (can't inhibit repetitive behavior) or compulsivity (can't recognize task completion).

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) causing the feeling of needing to engage in a particular action (compulsion) to make the obsession stop.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

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A person is excessively concerned about and preoccupied by one or more imagined or minor defects in their physical features.

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Hoarding Disorder

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Characterized by excessive acquisition of large quantities of objects and an unwillingness or inability to discard them.

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Trichotillomania

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Characterized by the compulsive urge to pull out one's hair, leading to noticeable hair loss and balding, distress, and social or functional impairment.

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Excoriation

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An impulse control disorder characterized by the repeated urge to pick at one's own skin, often to the extent that damage is caused.

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Schizophrenia

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A mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and a failure to recognize what is real.

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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Presence of inappropriate behaviors: -Delusions: False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur -Hallucinations: Sensory experiences without sensory stimulation -Excessive/Purposeless movement -Word Salad: Confused speech and language repetition

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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Absence of appropriate behaviors: -Flat Affect: Apathetic state involving lack of emotion -Catatonia: Motionless for hours -Loss of interest in everyday activities/lack of pleasure -Feeling out of touch with people, family, and friends

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Explanations for Schizophrenia

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Dopamine over activity, low frontal lobe brain activity, overactive thalamus and amygdala, pregnancy viral infections and other birth complications, genetic influences, break down in selective attention.

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Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

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Physical symptoms that suggest physical illness or injury cannot be explained by a medical condition.

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Conversion Disorder

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Characterized by suffering of neurological symptoms (such as numbness, blindness, or paralysis) without definable organic cause.

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Illness Anxiety Disorder

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An individual excessively worries about a serious illness based on little or no evidence to substantiate the worry.

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Trauma and Related Stressor Disorders

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Primary symptom involves explicit exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.

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Reactive Attachment Disorder

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Characterized by persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way.

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Characterized by disturbing, recurring flashbacks after exposure to a traumatic event.

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Post Traumatic Growth

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Those who recover from traumatic events typically experience increased life satisfaction

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Adjustment Disorder

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Characterized by being unable to adjust or cope with a particular stressor, such as a major life event.

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Personality Disorders

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Primary symptoms involve enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Characterized by a pervasive pattern of manipulation and a disregard for the rights of others. (Psychopathic)

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Dependent Personality Disorder

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Characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people.

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

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Characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking; including a need for approval.

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

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Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interactions.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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Characterized by extreme ego-centrism and self-importance and excessive preoccupation with power, prestige, and vanity.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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Characterized by impulsiveness and extreme instability in emotions, relationships, and self-image.

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Counterconditioning

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A behavior therapy that uses a wanted behavior to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversion conditioning.

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Exposure Therapy

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Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

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Systematic Desensitization

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A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-arousing stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias.

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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Progressively exposes people to stimulation of their greatest fears.

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Aversive Conditioning

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A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

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Token Economy

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An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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Psychopharmacology

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The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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Involuntary movement of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotic side effect of long-term use of anti-psychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.

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Antianxiety Drugs

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Drugs used to control anxiety.

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Antidepressants

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Drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety; different types work by altering the availability of serotonin and nonephirine.

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Lithium

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Used to treat bipolar disorder

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

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The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

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Psychosurgery

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Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

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Lobotomy

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A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; the procedure cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

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Cognitive Therapy

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Based on work by Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Includes Rational Emotive Therapy.

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Rational Emotive Therapy

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The theory that cognition control our behavior and emotions; therefore changing the way we think about things will affect the way we feel and the way we behave. (Cognitive)

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Family Therapy

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Therapy that treats the family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

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Insight Therapy

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Humanistic Therapy; Therapy which aims to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

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Client-Centered Therapy

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A humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathetic, environment to facilitate clients' growth.

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Active Listening

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Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies while incorporation unconditional positive regard.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.

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Psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic techniques; Freud believe the patient's dreams/free associations - and the therapist's interpretations - allowed the patient to gain self-insight.

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Interpretation

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In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

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Resistance

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In Psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

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Transference

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In Psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent.)

AP Psychology – Unit 13 – Psychological Disorders and Therapy – Flashcards

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