Healthful Living Test 3 pt. 1 – Flashcards
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What is the leading cause of death in the US?
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cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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What is the primary cause of CVD in the US?
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Americans' lifestyles
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CVD claims 1 life every how many seconds?
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38
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Which side of the heart pumps blood to and from the lungs?
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right
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This side of the heart pumps blood to the entire body except the lungs.
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the left side of the heart
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Describe the path of blood flow of the heart.
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1. Venae Cavae, 2. right atrium, 3. right ventricle, 4. pulmonary artery, 5. pulmonary veins, 6. left atrium, 7. left ventricle, 8. aorta
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What is the body's largest artery?
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aorta
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Which artery carries blood to he lungs?
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pulmonary artery
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Systolic pressure
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measure of blood pressure while the heart is beating
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diastolic pressure
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measure of blood pressure while the heart is relaxed, between heartbeats.
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"normal" blood pressure is . . .
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120/80
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veins
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have thin walls and carry blood TO the heart
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arteries
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have thick elastic walls and carry blood AWAY from the heart
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coronary artery
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Two large vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
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capillaries
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tiny vessels only one cell thick that deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the tissues and pick up oxygen-poor, waste-laden blood which returns through a system of veins to the heart to repeat the cycle.
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What are six risk factors for CVD that CAN be changed?
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1. tobacco use, 2. high blood pressure, 3. high cholesterol, 4. physical inactivity, 5. obesity, 6. diabetes
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One in how many deaths is attributed to smoking?
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1 in 5
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Smoking a pack a day of cigerettes _____ the risk of a heart attack when compared with nonsmokers.
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doubles
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Smoking two or more packs a day ______ the risk of a heart attack when compared with nonsmokers.
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triples
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Negative health effects caused by smoking:
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damaged lining of the arteries, reduced HDL (good cholesterol), riased triglycerides and LDL (bad cholesterol), increased blood pressure and heart rate, CO displaces O2, causes platelets to become sticky, leading to clotting, speeds the development of fatty deposits in the arteries, doubles risk of stroke
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High blood pressure is also called . . .
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hypertension
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Hypertension is defined as . . .
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too much pressure against arterial walls
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atherosclerosis
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causes arteries to become clogged and narrowed
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What percent of Americans have high blood pressure?
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33%
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What % of Americans are unaware that they have high blood pressure?
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22%
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Who has the highest rate of hypertension?
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African Americans
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Cholesterol
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fatty wax-like substance that circulates through the bloodstream
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cholesterol's jobs
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compoenent of the cell membranes, sex hormones, vitamin D, fluid that coats the lungs, protective sheaths around nerves
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high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
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"Good" cholesterol. Shuttles unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
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low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
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"bad" cholesterol. shuttles cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissues
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What is the best thing anyone can do to prevent CVD?
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EXCERCISE!!!
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How excercise reduces the risk of CVD:
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decreaes blood pressure and resting heart rate, increases HDL levels, maintains a person's weight, improves the condition of blood vessels, helps to prevent or control diabetes
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Risk of death from CVD is two to three times more likely in _________ people.
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obese
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ventrical hypertrophy is . . .
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enlargement of the heart
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Name 4 things that are often associated with obesity?
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hypertension, high cholesterol levels, insulin resistance, diabetes, physical inactivity, increasing age, ventricular hypertrophy, failur of the heart muscle
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Diabetes ________ the risk of CVD in men.
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doubles
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Diabetes ________ the risk of CVD in women.
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triples
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What are some of the other CVD risk factors that occur at a higher rate in individuals with diabetes?
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hypertension, obesity, unhealthy blood lipid levels, damaged endothelial cells, more vulnerable to atherosclerosis, increased risk of heart attach and strokes
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high triglyceride levels
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a reliable predictor of heart disease
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What are some psychological and social factors that can increase risk of CVD?
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stress, chronic hostility and anger, suppressing psychological distress, depression, anxiety, social isolation, low socioeconomic status
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Using _________ and drugs can also increase risks of CVD.
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alcohol
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What are the five risk factors for CVD that can't be changed?
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heredity, aging, being male, ethnicity, inflammation and C-reactive protein due to damaged arteries
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After the age of ______ risks for CVD increase.
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65
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metabolic syndrome
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(insulin resistance syndrome) term for a cluster of abnormalities
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insulin resistance
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with weight gain and lack of activity, the body becomes less sensistive to insulin
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What are some things one can do to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome?
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choose a healthy diet (amount and type of carbohydrate intake matters) and get plenty of exercise
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homocysteine
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amino acids circulating in the blood that appears to damage the lining of blood vessels resulting in inflammation and the development of fatty deposits. Can lead to heart attacks, strokes and memory loss
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What are two major forms of CVD?
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atherosclerosis (arteries become too narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol and other substances), and heart attack (coronary artery becomes blocked)
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What are 5 of the six signs of a heart attack?
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1. chest pain or pressure 2. arm, neck, or jaw pain 3. difficulty breathing 4. excessive sweating 5. nausea 6. loss of consciousness
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angina
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arteries are narrowed by disease but open enough to deliver blood under normal circumstances
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When does angina occur generally?
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during times of stress or exertion when the heart doesn't receive enough oxygen.
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What does a victim of angina usually feel?
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an extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand or back
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What happens in an arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death?
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electrical conduction system is disrupted
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For those who die of a heart attack, how long is it between the time they feel the first symptoms of the heart attack and the time they die usually?
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two hours
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What should one do if they feel the symptoms of a heart attack?
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chew and swallow one adult aspirin, call 911, if person is not responsive, perform CPR
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What are some ways to treat heart disease?
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ECG or EKG, MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), angiogram, balloon angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery
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An EKG shows:
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•How fast your heart is beating •Whether the rhythm of your heartbeat is steady or irregular •The strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of your heart
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balloon angioplasty
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a medical device that is inserted into a clogged artery and inflated to clear blockage and allow blood to flow.
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coronary bypass surgery
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Arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient's body are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass atherosclerotic narrowings and improve the blood supply to the coronary circulation.
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Another name for a stroke
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cerebro-vascular accidnt (CVA)
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Ischemic stroke
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blockage in a blood vessel
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hemorrhagic stroke
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blood vessel ruptures in the brain
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80% of strokes are which type, hemorrhagic or ischemic?
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ischhemic
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How can an ischemic stroke possibly be treated?
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clot-busting drugs
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possible death, paralysis, walking disability, speech impairment, memory loss, changes in behavior
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Possible effects/results of a stroke
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sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, let or one side of the body, loss of speech or difficulty speaking, dizziness
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Possible signs of a stroke
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What are some ways to detect and treat stroke?
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Computer tomography (CT), MRI, ultrasound, clot-dissolving drugs, rehabilitation
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Congestive heart failure
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heart is damaged by high blood pressure or other disease conditions and cannot maintain regular pumping rate and force which causes fluids to back up into body tissue
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Edema
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swelling in legs, ankles, other body parts
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pulmonary edema
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a result of a congestive heart failure in which fluid accumulates (builds up) in the lungs
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reducing cardiac workload, modifying salt intake, drug therapy to help the body eliminate excess fluid, heart transplant
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treatment for congestive heart failure
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congenital heart disease
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malformation of the heart or major blood vessels
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rheumatic heart disease
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untreated streptococcal throat infections can cause rheumatic fever which can permanently damage the heart muscle and valves
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heart valve disorder
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congenital heart defects can certain types of infections
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Eat heart healthy: low fat, low cholesterol, plenty of fiber, limit sodium, increase potassium, limit alcohol (a little is ok), Omega 3 fatty acids (good), calcium, watch total calories, soy protein, exercise, avoid tobacco, monitor cholesterol, lower your stress and anger
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things a person can do to protect him/herself against cardiovascular disease
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Cancer
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an abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells, which, if left untreated can lead to death
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tumor
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mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
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benign tumor
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(non-cancerous) mass of normal cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues
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malignant tumor
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(cancerous) can invade surrounding tissues, can spread via blood and lymphatic circulation
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How does every case of cancer begin?
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there is a change in a cell that allows the cell to grow and divide when it should not
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metastasis
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the spreading of cancer cells
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metastasizing
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the traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
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How is cancer classified?
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according to the types of cells that produce them.
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carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias
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types of cancers
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1.5 million
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number of Americans diagnosed with cancer every year
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90%
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percent of skin cancer taht could have been prevented
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87%
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percent of lung cancer that could have been prevented
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What is the most common cause of cancer death in the US?
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lung cancer
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What contributes to 30% of all cancer deaths and 90% of lung cancer deaths?
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tobacco
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Why is lung cancer difficult to detect?
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it does not usually appear until the cancer has reached the invasive stage.
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What are some symptoms of lung cancer?
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persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis
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How is lung cancer diagnosed?
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CT scan, chest x-ray, or sputum examination
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If the lung cancer is at a stage that it can be treated, what treatment is used?
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surgery, radiation and chemotherapy
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The 5-year survival rate for this cancer is only 15%.
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lung cancer
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Third most common type of cancer
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colon and rectal cancer
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what are some risk-factors for colon and rectal cancer?
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age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle habits, diet
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When do most cases of colon or rectal cancer occur?
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91% occur after 50 years of age
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What are some things a person can do to reduce their risk of colon or rectal cancer?
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exercise, eating fruits, veggies and whole grains, and limiting use of alcohol
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What can one do to help detect colon or rectal cancer?
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get regular screenings
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What is the treatment for colon or rectal cancer?
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surgery is primary treatment, radiation and chemotherapy can also be used
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If detected early, the survival rate for rectal or colon cancer is ________.
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91%
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breast cancer
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the most common cancer in women
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What factors increase a women's risk of breast cancer?
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age (45-65 has greater chance), heredity, early onset of menstruation, late menopause, first child born after 30 yrs, having no children, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, diet and alcohol use
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What can women do to help detect cancer?
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monthly self-breast exams, clinical breast exam by a Dr every 3 yrs (1x per yr for women >40), mammography every year for women >40, MRIs
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How can breast cancer be treated?
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ultrasonography, biopsy, surgery (lumpectomy, mastectomy)
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lumpectomy
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only the malignant tumor and a surrounding margin of normal breast tissue are removed
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mastectomy
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surgical removal of all or part of the breast
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98%
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survival rate of breast cancer victims if the cells haven't metastasized (traveled and seeded in new places)
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Most common cancer in men and second leading cause of cancer death in men.
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prostate cancer
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age, heredity, diet, history of STDs, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance
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risk factors for prostate cancer
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How is prostate cancer detected?
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prostate-specific antigen blood test, digital rectal examination, yearly screening beginning between ages 40-50
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surgical removal of the prostate and radiation, implantation of radioactive seeds
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possible treatment options for prostate cancer
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nearly 100%
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5-year survival rate for prostate cancer
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Cancer that most often stems from infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV)
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cervical cancer
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smoking, immunosuppression and prolonged use of oral contraceptives
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may contribute to the incidence of cervical cancer
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Women in what age groups are more likely to have cervical cancer?
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20s and 30s
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How is HPV transmitted?
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unprotected sex
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How can Dr. detect cervical cancer early?
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regular PAP tests
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Gardasil and cervarix are two _____ approved by the FDA to prevent HPV
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vaccines
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Though it is rarer than cervical and uterine cancer, it causes more deaths than both combined.
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ovarian cancer
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Why is ovarian cancer often so hard to detect?
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often no warning signs
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Signs of ovarian cancer
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increased abdominal size and bloating, urinary urgency, pelvic pain
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What is the treatment for ovarian cancer?
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removal of the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the uterus, sometimes radiation and chemotherapy
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Most common but most treatable form of cancer
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skin cancer
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melanoma
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most serious type of skin cancer
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What are some things that increase someone's chance of getting skin cancer?
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excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, sunburns ans untans (including tanning beds!), more than 5 bad burns = 2x risk
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how can skin cancer be prevented?
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avoid lifelong overexposure to sunlight, use sunscreens and protective clothing
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examine skin regularly, check moles
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ways to detect skin cancer
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What is the usual treatment for skin cancer?
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surgical removal under local anesthetic
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What is the ABCD test for melanoma?
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A = asymmetry-one 1/2 is diff. than the other 1/2 B = border irregularity (not smooth edges) C = color variation D = diameter is larger than 1/4 inch
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What is the primary cause of head and neck cancers?
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tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption
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Are head and neck cancers more prevalent (common) in men or women?
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men
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Rare type of cancer that is most common in white men 20-35 years old who have a family history of it.
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testicular cancer
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What can a man do to increase his chance of detecting testicular cancer?
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self examinations
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What is the treatment for testicular cancer
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removal of the testical and possible chemotherapy
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What is the role of DNA in cancer?
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certain genes may predispose soem people to cancer and specific genetic mutations have been associated with cancer (this can be inherited OR caused by environmental agents)
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Responsible for 30% of ALL cancer deaths.
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tobacco
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How can food choices affect your cancer risk?
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by exposing you to potentially dangerous compounds and depriving you of protective compounds
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contain anti-cancer agents such as anticarcinogens, carotenoids, and phytochemicals
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fruits and vegetables
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consuming too much of this increases the risk of oral and breast cancer
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alcohol
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nitrates and nitrites found in processed meats that combine with dietary substances and become highly potent carcinogens
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nitrosamines
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What are some other factors that increase the population's risk of cancer?
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environmental and industrial pollution and radiation exposure
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What are the best things that an individual can do to detect cancer?
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self-monitoring and schedule routine check-ups and screenings with their Dr.
