Health and Nutrition Chapter 12 Notes – Flashcards
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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The collective term for various disease of the heart and blood vessels
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Cardiovascular system (CVS)
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The system that circulates blood through the body; consist of the heart and blood vessels
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Pulmonary Circulation
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The part of the circulatory system controlled by the right side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and lungs
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Systemic circulation
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The part of the circulatory system controlled by the left side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body
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Vena Cava
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Either of two large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart (plural, venae cave)
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Atrium
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Either of the two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles (plural, atria)
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Ventricle
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Either of the two lower chamber of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and other parts of the body
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Aorta
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The largest artery in the body that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body
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Systole
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The contraction phase of the heart
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Diastole
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The relaxation phase of the heart
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Vein
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A vessel that carries blood to the heart. Have thin walls
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Artery
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A vessel that carries blood away form the heart. Have thick elastic walls that enable them to expand and relax with the volume of blood pumping through them
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Capillary
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A small blood vessel that exchanges oxygen and nutrients between the blood and the tissues
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Coronary Artery
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One of the system of arteries branching from the aorta that provides blood to the heart muscle
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Platelets
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Cells in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots
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Hypertension
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Sustained abnormally high blood pressure
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Atherosclerosis
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A form of CVD in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by plaque deposits; parties become narrow and blood supply can be reduced
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Lipoproteins
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Protein and lipid substances in the blood that carry fats and cholesterol ; classified according to size, density, and chemical compositions
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Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
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A lipoprotein containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol, which tends to become deposited on artery walls and increases the risk of heart disease; also known as "bad" cholesterol
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High density lipoprotein (HDL)
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A lipoprotein containing relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protects against heart diseases; also known as "good" cholesterol
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People with prehypertension and hypertension
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should have lifestyle changes including weight reduction, regular exercise, a healthy diet and moderation of alcohol use. The DASH diet is recommended specifically for people with high blood pressure. Sodium restriction is also helpful to less than 2300mg per day and 1500 mg less per day with people with hypertension, african americans, middle aged and older adults
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Hypertrophy
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Abnormal enlargement of an organ
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High triglyceride levels
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triglycerides are blood fats that are obtained from food manufactured by the body. They can cause heart disease especially if associated with low HDL levels, obesity, and diabetes. Including excess body fat, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, type 2 diabetes, excessive alcohol intake, high carbohydrates diets and certain diseases and medications
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Triglyceride
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A type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease
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Depression
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Can increase CVD in healthy people and adverse cardiac events in those who already have heart disease. More likely to smoke and be sedentary. May not cope well with linens and skip medications. Can also cause physiological changes: elevates basal levels of stress hormones.
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Aging
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70% of heart attack victims are 65+ 75% fatal heart attack are over 65. People over 55 the incidence of stroke more than doubles each decade. Even people in their 30/40 especially men can have heart attacks
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Atherosclerosis
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form of arteriosclerosis or thickening and hardening of the arteries. Arteries become narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol and other substances.
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Plaque
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A deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of an artery
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Most common heart disease
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Heart disease caused by atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle, also called coronary artery disease CAD
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Heart attack
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Damage to, or death of heart muscles, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infraction (MI)
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Angina pectoris
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Pain in the chest, and often in the left arm and shoulder caused by the heart muscle not receiving enough oxygenated blood. The pain is usually brought on by exercise or stress
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Arrhythmia
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A change in the heart beats normal, regular pattern
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Sudden Cardiac death
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A non traumatic unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
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A technique involving mouth to mouth breathing and/or chest compressions to keep oxygen flowing to the brain
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Electrocardiogram ECG or EKG
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A test to detect cardiac abnormalities by evaluating the electrical activity in the heart
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Magnetic resonance imaging MRI
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A computerized imaging technique that uses strong magnetic filed to create detailed pictures of body structure
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Anglogram
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A picture of the arterial system taken after injecting a dye that is opaque to X-rays
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Balloon Angioplasty
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A technique in which a catheter with a deflated balloon on the tip is inserted into an artery; the balloon is then inflated at the point of obstruction in the artery, pressing the plaque against the artery wall to improve blood supply
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Stroke
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Imploded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; also called a cerebrovascular accident CVA
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Ischemic stroke
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impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a clot obstructing a blood vessel
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Thrombus
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A blood clot in a blood vessel that usually remains at the point of its formation
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Embolus
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A blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream
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Hemorrhagic stroke
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Impeded blood supply to the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel
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Aneurysm
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A sac formed by a distention of dilation of the artery wall
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Transient ischemic attack TIA
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A small stoke; usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing numbness or difficulty with speech
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Computed tomography CT
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The use of computerized X-ray images to create a cross sectional depiction (scan) of tissue density
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Peripheral arterial disease PAD
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Atherosclerosis in the arteries in the legs (or less commonly, the arms) that can impede blood flow and lead to pain, infection, and loss of the affected limb
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Pulmonary edema
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The accumulation of fluid in the lungs
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Congestive heart failure CHF
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A condition resulting from the hearts inability to pump enough blood to keep up with the body metabolic needs; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
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Congenital Heart Defect
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A defect or malformation of the heart or its major blood vessels, present at birth
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy HCM
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An inherited condition in which there is an enlargement of the heart muscle, especially the muscle between the two ventricles
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Murmur
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An abnormal heart sound indicating turbulent blood flow through a valve or hole in the heart
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Rheumatic fever
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A disease mainly of children characterized by fever, inflammation and pain in the joints, it often damages the heart valves and muscle a condition called rheumatic heart disease
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Mitral valve prolapse MVP
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A condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium
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Cancer
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The abnormal uncontrolled multiplications of cells
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Turmor
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A mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose also called a neoplasm
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Bengin turmor
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A tumor that is not cancerous
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Malignant tumor
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A tumor that is capable of spreading and thus is cancerous
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Lymphatic system
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a system of vessels that returns proteins lipids and other substances from fluid in the tissues to the circulatory system
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Avoid tobacco products
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The number one risk factor of CVD that you can control is smoking. If you smoke quit. If you don't smoke don't start. If you live or work with people who smoke stop the exposure
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Biopsy
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the removal of a small piece of body tissue to allow for microscopic examination; a needle biopsy uses needle to remove a small sample tissue but some biopsies require surgery
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Metastasis
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The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another. Occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells do and there for move away from the site of the primary tumor. They pass through linking of lymph or blood vessels to invade nearby tissue. They establish new cancer cells. traveling is called metastasizing new tumors are called secondary tumors or metastases. This is why early detection is crucial to cure cancer every cancer cell must be destroyed. Once cancer cells enter the lymphatic system or bloodstream is difficult to stop spreading.
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Remission
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a period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease
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Fruits and Vegetables
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Research found that many food components may act against cancer. Some prevent carcinogens from forming or acting on cells. Others boost enzymes that detoxify carcinogens. Vitamin C, E, selenium and the carotenoids(vitamin A precursors) may block cancer by acting as antioxidants.
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Phytochemicals
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A naturally occurring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent chronic disease such as cancer and heart disease; phyto means "plant". Sulforaphane a protein anti carcinogen found in broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, and cabbage. (all cruciferous) Most Fruits and Vegetables contain Phytochemicals.
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Ingested chemicals
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Compounds added to foods are dangerous like nitrates and nitrites found in processed meat. Nitrates and nitrites are not carcinogenic but combine with substances in the stomach and convert to nitrosamines which are highly potent carcinogens. Foods cured with nitrites as well as those cured with salt or smoke have been linked to esophageal and stomach cancer. They should be eaten at modest amounts
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Radiation
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All sources of radiation are potentially carcinogenic like X-rays, radioactive substances (radioisotopes) and UV from the sun. Successful efforts have been made to reduce radiation in mammograms, dental/medical X-rays. Sunlight is also a potential carcinogen and should avoid excessive exposure
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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
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Light rays of a specific wavelength emitted by the sun; most UV rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
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Chemotherapy
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The treatment of cancer with chemicals that selectively destroy cancerous cell. Works by interfering with DNA synthesis and replication in rapidly dividing cells. Normal cells are not destroyed with this. However some normal tissues like intestinal, hair, and blood forming cells are always growing and damage to these tissues produces side effects of chemo like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hair loss
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Carcinoma
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Cancer that originates in epithelial tissue (skin, glands, and lining of internal organs)
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Sarcoma
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Cancer arising from bone, cartilage, or striated muscle
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Lymphoma
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A tumor originating from lymphatic tissue. Lymphomas are cancers of the lymph nodes, part of the body infection fighting system
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Leukemia
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Cancer of the blood or the blood forming cells. Leukemias are cancers of the blood forming cells, which reside chiefly in the bone marrow
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Oncologist
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A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer
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Hematologist
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A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders; including cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma
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Five year survival rate
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The percentage of patients diagnosed with a certain disease who will be alive five years after the date of diagnosis; used to estimate the prognosis of a particular disease
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Lung cancer is...
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difficult to detect at an early stage and hard to cure even when detected early. Symptoms do not usually appear until the disease has advanced to the invasive stage. Like persistent cough, chest pain, recurring bronchitis are indicators of tumor presence. A diagnosis can usually be made by chest X-ray or by studying the cells sputum
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Diagnosis and treatment
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Regular screening test are recommended beginning at age 50 (earlier for people with family history) A yearly stool blood test can detect small amounts of blood in the stool long before obvious bleeding. More involved screenings test are recommended at 5 or 10 year intervals. Surgery is the primary treatment for colon and rectal cancer. Radiation and chemotherapy may be used before surgery to shrink tumor or after surgery to destroy remaining cancerous cells. The 5 year survival rate for colon and rectal cancers is 90% detected early 64%
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Polyp
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A small usually harmless mass of tissue that projects from the inner surface of the colon or rectum
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Mammogram
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A low dose X-ray of the breast used to check for early signs of breast cancer
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Ultrasonography
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An imaging method in which sound waves are bounced off body structures to create an image on a TV monitor; also called ultrasound
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Monoclonal antibody
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An antibody designed to bind to a specific cancer related target
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Prostate specific antigen PSA test
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A screening test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of prostate specific antigen PSA
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Incontinence
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The inability to control the flow of urine
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Pap Test
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A scraping of cells from the cervix fro examination under a microscope to detect cancer
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Melanoma
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A malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells usually a mole
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Begin skin cancer of the vase of the outermost layer of the skin
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Malignant cancer of the surface of the outermost layer of the skin
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Sunscreen
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A substance used to protect the skin from UV rays; usually applied as a lotion cream or spray
