AP Biology: Cancer (Loss of Cell Cycle Control) – Flashcards
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G₁ checkpoint
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Stops the Cell Cycle if DNA is damaged, if so, apoptosis occurs
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G₂ checkpoint
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Stops the Cell Cycle if DNA has not finished replicating or DNA is damaged
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M (Mitosis) checkpoint
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Stops Mitosis if chromosomes are not properly aligned or chromosomes are not going to be distributed accurately to the daughter cells
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Proto-oncogenes
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Genes that specify proteins that directly and indirectly stimulate the Cell Cycle; If mutated, they become oncogenes, or cancer causing genes
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Oncogenes
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Cancer causing genes (mutated proto-oncogenes)
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Apoptosis
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Often defined as programmed cell death because the cell progresses through a typical series of events that bring about its destruction
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Cancer cells lack differentiation
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This means cancer cells are not specialized and do not contribute to the functioning of a tissue
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Cancer cells have abnormal nuclei
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This means that the nuclei of cancer cells are enlarged and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes
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Cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis
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This means that the cancer cells do not "commit suicide" even though they are abnormal cells
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Cancer cells form tumors
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This means that the cancer cells have lost all restraint and do not exhibit contact inhibition. The abnormal cancer cells pile on top of one another and grow in multiple layers, forming a tumor
