ch 32 – Flashcard
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Which of the following is true?
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Chimpanzees and hominids share a common ancestor.
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You are a paleoanthropologist studying early hominid evolution. Which of the following continents would be best for you do conduct your research?
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Africa
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You are a paleoanthropologist. You uncover the skull of a hominid estimated to be 3.3 million years old. Which of the following would be best for you to initially compare it to?
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Australopithicus afarensis
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Which of the following is true?
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Early hominids used tools.
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Which of the following is true?
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Bats serve as a reservoir for Ebola, but do not themselves get the disease.
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You study echolocation in animals. What type of bats would be best for your research?
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Only microbats.
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Which of the following is true?
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As metabolism increases, free radicals also increase.
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It is currently hypothesized that bats do not get cancer for which of the following reasons?
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Bat DNA has the ability to repair itself after malignant mutations.
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What effect does white-nose syndrome have on bats?
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It increases the amount of energy they burn.
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There is some evidence that pharyngeal gill slits occur in certain species of echinoderms that appear early in the fossil record.
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Pharyngeal gill slits were present in the earliest echinoderms and lost later.
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The two major lineages that make up the living Amniota are reptiles and _____.
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mammals
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Mammals and birds are both endothermic.
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Endothermy arose independently in these two lineages.
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What trait(s) define(s) the vertebrates?
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vertebrae and a cranium
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Gene expression patterns can be used to test hypotheses based on morphology. For example, the regulatory gene Bapx1 is expressed in the hinge of the developing lower jaw in fishes and reptiles. Where would you predict Bapx1 expression to occur in mammals?
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in the developing ear bones
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How is the opossum related to you?
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An opossum is a marsupial, but I am a placental mammal.
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Which of the following appears to be most likely true for primates?
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The more time spent in REM sleep, the less total time spent sleeping.
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You discover a new primate species, among the smallest in the world. Which of the following is most likely true?
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This species spends a lot of time sleeping.
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Your aunt is a primatologist studying chimpanzees in the wild. Which of the following is she most likely to observe?
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The chimpanzees will spend less percentage of time in REM sleep than humans.
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Which of the following seems most likely to have driven primates away from sleeping on branches?
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size
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You are in charge of the primate habitat at the National Zoo in Washington, DC. Which of the following is least likely to need nightly nesting materials?
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mouse lemurs
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There are four recognized phyla of deuterostomes: Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Xenoturbellida, and _____. See Chapter 32 ( page 655) .
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Chordata
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As a group, invertebrates are _____. See Section 32.1 ( page 657) .
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paraphyletic
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Which phylum is exclusively marine and is named for having many spines and spikes? See Section 32.1 ( page 657) .
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Echinoderms
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An example of a vertebrate is a(n) _____. See Section 32.2 ( page 660) .
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lamprey
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Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false?
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All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.
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Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?
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Exoskeleton
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True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.
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false
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Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?
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Their body plan
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Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?
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The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.
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Which characteristics define a chordate?
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The presence of four specific morphological traits
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What is a transitional fossil?
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Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.
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The leading hypothesis for the origin of the jaw proposes that ______. See Section 32.3 ( page 662) .
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it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the gill arches
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In which vertebrates did feathers first evolve? See Section 32.3 ( page 662) .
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non-avian dinosaurs
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Which vertebrates lay amniotic eggs? See Section 32.3 ( page 662) .
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reptiles and some mammals
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To be ectothermic means that ______. See Section 32.3 ( page 662) .
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body heat comes from an external source
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A placenta and viviparity are most likely adaptations for increasing ______. See Section 32.3 ( page 662) .
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parental care and offspring survival
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Which character would allow you to identify something as an echinoderm and not a chordate? See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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Radial symmetry
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What structure in a placental developing organism is greatly reduced (but not absent) as compared to an amniotic egg? See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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Yolk sac
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Which group is most closely related to amphibians? See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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Mammalia and Aves
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Where would the origin of endothermy map on the phylogeny? See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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Within Mammalia and within Aves.
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What was the adaptive significance of jaws? See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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They allowed the fish to be herbivores or predators
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What was the adaptive significance of the amniote egg? See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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It allows reproduction on land.
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The lemurs of Madagascar are _____. See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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prosimians
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What is the leading hypothesis on why humans evolved such large brains? See Section 32.4 ( page 663) .
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They evolved because of spoken language and tool use.
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How many species of Hominin coexisted 100,000 years ago? See Section 32.5 ( page 674) .
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three
