question

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is similar in that

answer

both are regulated by attachment of proteins to DNA adjacent to the gene being transcribed

question

The primary point of control for most genes for the amount of gene product synthesized is

answer

initiation of trancription

question

Zinc-finger peptide motifs are responsible for what aspect of protein function?

answer

DNA binding

question

DNA sequences that serve as binding sites for proteins regulating transcription and are often found adjacent to a gene are said to be

answer

cis-acting

question

What is the name of the cis-acting DNA sequence that serves as the binding site for the transcriptional initiation complex?

answer

promoter

question

What is the term for the cis-acting DNA sequences that often function at a distance from the gene they are regulating?

answer

enhancer elements

question

cis-acting DNA sequence that modulates the basal rate of transcription of a gene is termed a(n)

answer

enhancer

question

In generating a reporter construct to study gene regulation, the reporter gene introduced replaces

answer

the coding region of the gene being studied

question

Mutations altering the amount of protein synthesized from a reporter construct occur most often in which of the following sequences of DNA?

answer

cis-acting DNA elements

question

The gene products encoded by trans-acting elements perform their function by

answer

associating with regulatory sequences distant from the gene from which they were transcribed

question

Trans-acting proteins that influence transcription are commonly referred to as

answer

transcription factors

question

What does RNA polymerase I synthesize?

answer

rRNA

question

tRNA molecules are transcribed by

answer

RNA polymerase III

question

The promoter of nearly all eukaryotic genes contains a(n)

answer

RNA polymerase binding region, TATA box, and initiation site

question

Which of the following is NOT true of enhancer DNA sequences?

answer

they contain the TATA box regulatory element

question

A transcription factor that increases initiation of transcription by associating with an enhancer element is termed a(n)

answer

activator

question

The primary function of basal transcription factors is to

answer

assist in associating RNA polymerase with the promoter element

question

What is the name for the basal transcription factors that associate with TBP to assist in initiating transcription from eukaryotic class II genes?

answer

TAFs

question

What is name of the motifs that function to promote the DNA-binding activity of many transcriptional activator proteins?

answer

zinc finger

question

Proteins that consist of two identical polypeptide subunits are classified as

answer

homodimers

question

What is the term for transcription factors that decrease transcriptional activity by associating with specific enhancer elements or activator proteins?

answer

repressors

question

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism employed by repressor proteins to decrease transcription of a specific gene?

answer

the repressor binds to RNA polymerase 2, blocking its ability to associate with promoter elements

question

What is the term for the repeating structural unit of chromatin, consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA and associated histone proteins?

answer

nucleosome

question

DNA regions that are transcriptionally silenced by hypercondensation have often undergone a modification of their cytosine residues termed

answer

methylation

question

What is the term used to describe a situation in which a gene's expression pattern is dependent upon the parent from which it was inherited?

answer

genomic imprinting

question

A variation that does not involve a change in DNA sequence but can be passed from one generation to another is a(n)

answer

epigenetic phenomenon

question

Insulators act to

answer

interfere with the action of enhancer-activator complexes with specific promoters

question

To create transgenic mice DNA is injected into

answer

a pronucleus of a zygote

question

What is the purpose of the P element in the creation of transgenic Drosophila?

answer

efficiently transfer DNA into Drosophilia chromosomes

question

The Ti plasmid allows for

answer

the transfer of the plasmid from Agrobacterium to a plant cell

question

Transgenic organisms can help clarify which gene may be responsible for a particular phenotype since

answer

individuals with the phenotype frequently carry other mutations as well

question

How can transgenics be used in gene expression studies?

answer

a reporter gene can be cloned so that it is under' control of tissue specific regulatory regions

question

Although bacteria can be used for the production of proteins useful for therapeutic uses what can be a disadvantage to using a prokaryotic system?

answer

proteins may not be post translationally processed correctly

question

What is a possible disadvantage of using genetically modified crops?

answer

the transgene may make its way into non transgenic plants

question

Transgenic animals can be limited in terms of their study of the links between diseases and specific genes since

answer

the transgene may be dominant and some disesases are caused by recessive mutations

question

A unique trait of embryonic stem cells that make them useful for generating knockout animals is that they

answer

are totipotent

question

Why are conditional knockout animals desirable?

answer

genes that are essential for development can be deleted in the adult

question

Knockin mice can be created using the Cre-lox system. In this procedure the mutation to be knocked in is

answer

cloned outside of the two lox sites

question

TALENs are bioengineered molecules that include an endonuclease peptide and a

answer

DNA binding domain created from motifs of a bacterial protein

question

Currently the two main vectors for delivery of therapeutic genes for human gene therapy are

answer

AAV and retroviruses

question

What is one problem associated with using retroviruses as human gene therapy vectors?

answer

their random integration into the host chromosome may result in detrimental mutations

question

Which of the following is not one of the three characteristics of value to geneticists for model organisms?

answer

small genome

question

Evolution has had what effect on development in various organisms?

answer

conservation of many genes and genetic pathway

question

Which model organism would be best suited for studying cellular lineage?

answer

c elegans

question

The Aniridia gene in humans is involved in eye formation. Although eye development is very different in flies, this gene is highly conserved. What is its homolog in Drosophila?

answer

eyeless (ey)

question

Which of the following is not a type of loss-of-function mutation?

answer

ectopic

question

A partial loss-of-function mutation is

answer

hypomorphic

question

What is the most significant advantage of using RNAi to study development?

answer

genetic studies on a single gene can be completed without the creation or isolation of a new mutant organisms

question

Results from RNAi studies are most likely to vary due to

answer

variation in the amount of RNAi expressing plasmids transfected into cells

question

Mutations that result in a new phenotype for a gene through the production of too much protein are best described by the term

answer

gain of function

question

The expression of a gene at an abnormal place or time is called

answer

ectopic

question

What is the most common cause of rare spontaneous ectopic gene expression?

answer

a mutation that moves the gene next to a new regulatory element

question

The presence of a homeodomain in a protein suggests what about its function?

answer

it is a transcription factor

question

How would you best follow the developmental timing of a given protein in vivo?

answer

using a GFP fusion protein transgenic organism

question

Screening for maternal-effect mutations would involve looking for which of the following?

answer

embryos that are obviously developmentally arrested

question

Which of the following is a zygotic gap gene in Drosophila?

answer

knirps (kni)

question

Cells that provide large amounts of mRNA and proteins for deposition into the egg are called

answer

nurse cells

question

Signaling factors that complete cell-to-cell communication in the form of direct contact are called

answer

juxtacrine factors

question

A ligand secreted from a cell to a nearby cell that signals developmental differentiation is called

answer

paracrine factor

question

What is a major advantage of using a sensitizer screen as opposed to a primary screen?

answer

sensitizer screens can be used to identify redundant genes

question

How are temperature sensitive mutants used to determine when genes act during development?

answer

embyros can be shifted to the non-permissive temperature to inactivate the mutant gene and the effect of inactivation on subsequent stages observed

question

How can epistatic interactions be used to order genes in a pathway?

answer

organisms that are homozygous recessive for two different genes will have the phenotype of an organism that is homozygous recessive for the gene that is first in the pathway

question

Expression of homeotic genes

answer

assign a unique identity to each segment

question

The enzymatic activity of CDKs are regulated by their forming a complex with which proteins?

answer

cyclins

question

Which statement best describes the action of polypeptide growth factors?

answer

they bind to cell surface receptors and trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways

question

The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein regulates progression into S phase by regulating ___________ activity.

answer

E2F

question

The activity of Rb is regulated by

answer

its phosphorylation state

question

Which of the following is least likely to occur from the inactivation of p53?

answer

increased propensity to arrest in G1

question

A programmed cell change that results in cell death is referred to as

answer

apoptosis

question

What is a characteristic that is typical of a cancer cell but not of a normal cell?

answer

ability to invade surrounding tissue

question

The enzyme telomerase is essential for unlimited cell division since

answer

a lack of telomerase will result in chromosome shortening and cell death

question

What is a common type of genomic change that occurs in cancer cells?

answer

polyploidy

question

The ability of a cell to move to other parts of the body is known as

answer

metastasis

question

The current model of cancer development is that

answer

a cancer develops from a single cellthat evolves through multiple mutations

question

In its active form, the RAS protein is associated with

answer

GTP

question

What is one experimental result that supports the hypothesis that cancers are clonal?

answer

cells from cancers of women have the same X chromosome inactivated

question

What is the term for a mutated gene that can act dominantly to predispose a cell to a cancerous phenotype?

answer

oncogenes

question

How can a mutation in a tumor suppressor behave as a recessive allele at the cellular level but appear as a dominant allele in pedigree analysis?

answer

At the cellular level both alleles need to be mutated for an en effect while in a pedigree the cancer may be vertically inherited.

question

The human papilloma virus (HPV) carries a gene that functions as an oncogene by inactivating the p53 protein. The fact that the loss of p53 function is oncogenic suggests that

answer

p53 normally functions to prevent uncontrolled cell division

question

Why are some individuals predisposed to getting cancer?

answer

they inherit mutant alleles of genes that are involved in cancer development

question

What is the relationship between chromosomal stability and proliferation?

answer

The greater the chromosomal instability the higher the probability of getting cells that have a higher proliferation rate.

question

Drugs such as Gleevec and Herceptin represent a modern approach to cancer treatment since they

answer

specifically target gene alterations that occur in some cancer

question

What is one reason why tumor suppressor genes make poor drugable targets?

answer

the tumor supressor proteins may not even be produced

question

What kind of information will be used for personalized cancer treatment?

answer

whole genome sequencing

question

Genetic testing for cancer can

answer

indicate increased risk of certain cancers

question

Biological ancestry describes the

answer

parentage and not shared genes

question

The sum total of all alleles carried in all members of a population is called its

answer

gene pool

question

In forensics analysis 13 loci are types and the probability of finding an individual in a population with that specific combination of SSR types calculated based on

answer

the Hardy Weinberg law

question

The proportion of individuals in a population that are of a particular phenotype is the

answer

phenotype frequency

question

The proportion of individuals in a population that are of a particular genotype is the

answer

genotype frequencies

question

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law?

answer

non random mating occurs within the population

question

In humans, brachydactyly is a dominant condition; 6,400 people in a population of 10,000 show the disease (1,600 are BB, 4,800 are Bb) and 3,600 are normal phenotypes (bb). The frequency of the b allele is

answer

0.6

question

The frequency of the Hemoglobin A allele is 0.9. The heterozygote with the recessive allele, s, shows resistance to the malarial parasite. What is the frequency of the heterozygote for the pair As?

answer

0.18

question

The Hardy-Weinberg equation is best at predicting short term genotypic frequencies since

answer

over the long term some of the assumptions of the equation will not be true

question

New mutations that arise within a population are typically lost primarily due to

answer

populations are of a finite size and new mutations are frequently lost by genetic drift

question

Many human recessive genetic diseases are maintained despite continuing selection against them because

answer

heterozygotes have a higher fitness than either homozygote

question

What evidence supports the hypothesis that humans originated in Africa?

answer

Mt sequence variation is highest in African populations

question

How has DNA sequencing clarified the relationship between modern humans and other lineages?

answer

it has demonstrated that modern humans interbred extensively with other lineages

question

The loss of allelic variation due to an event that decreases the size of the entire population is called

answer

population bottleneck

question

Why do the alleles that confer insecticide resistance in mosquitoes become less frequent in the population when insecticide application is disconintued?

answer

the alleles for resistance had a negative fitness cost

question

Multifactorial traits

answer

are affected by both genetic and environmental factors

question

The total phenotype variance (VP) is

answer

the sum of genetic variance (Vg) and environmental variance (Ve)

question

Broad sense heritability is defined as

answer

Vg/Vp

question

The total genetic relatedness of two siblings is

answer

0.5

question

Which of the following is not true about monozygotic twins?

answer

they have a genetic relatedness of 0.5

question

The response to selection, R, is equal to

answer

h2S

question

A number of interacting genes produce quantitative inheritance. The transmission of these genes can be seen in the phenotypical pattern of

answer

continuous variation in phenotypic expression

question

Multifactorial inheritance is observed in phenotypes that show typically

answer

a bell shaped distribution

question

Twins from two individual zygotes (dizygotic twins)

answer

are related genetically the same as non-twin siblings

question

In an experiment to distinguish genetic versus environmental effects on a phenotype it is important to make sure that the test individuals

answer

are as genetically identical as possible

question

Introgressions are used to

answer

fine map QTLs

question

By definition linkage disequilibrium means that

answer

two allelic variants correlate with the presence of a particular phenotype

genetics chapter 16-21 – Flashcards

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