2nd Midterm Flashcard
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| aerobic, gram +ve, anthrax from spores in soil, protein coat, creates exotoxin (PX01=Edema factor, protective, lethal factor; PX02 encodes these) |
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| Bacillus cereus |
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| Aerobic, Gram +ve, enterotoxin causes food poisoning. Heat labile is milder than heat stabile. Need to heat to kill to kill the toxin (rice!) |
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| Clostridium botulinum |
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| Anaerobic, spores have neurotoxin=fatal food poisoning, blocks ACh in autonomic NS=FLACCID MUSCLES=DEATH Get it from canned things, smoked fish, honey for kids with no immune system Use an antitoxin |
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| Clostridium tetani |
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| anerobic, Gram +ve, spores product exotoxin which causes excess contraction. Have a booster vaccine. |
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| Clostridium perfringens |
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| Gram +ve bacilli, spores anaerobic and produce gas in cells=gas gangrene. Toxin produced causes cellulitis which destroys muscle and tissues. Treat with oxygen or penicilin. |
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| Clostridium difficile |
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| Gram +ve bacilli. Opportunistic bacteria in hospital: cause of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Overuse of Antibiotics leads to destruction of normal flora so C. difficile can move in. Colon releases exotoxin. A=GI, B=cytotoxin. |
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| Listeria monocytogenes |
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| Gram +ve psychrophile. Crosses the blood-brain barrier. In deli meats and cheeses. Worse for old and immunocompromised. Give Abio |
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| Corynebacterium diptheriae |
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| Gram +ve Bacilli. Aerobic. Exotoxin in pharynx, causes CNS damage, heart problems via protein created. Give antitoxin, penicilin, DPT Vaccine. |
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| Tests for Gram -Ve |
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| EMB - fermenters are dark, inhibits +ve Maconkey - inhibits grm +ve Enzymes Antigens : outer LPS, cell wall, flagella |
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| Types of Enteric Disease (4) |
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| Enteric : top layer of cells, exo and enterotoxin (Exotoxin : Diarrhea, Enterotoxin: fluid loss). Diarrhea with incasion : blood=shigella salmonella Diarrhea with Lymph: pain, W+RBC in stool. Typhus and campylobacter. Others: UTI causes=E Coli, pseudomonas |
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| Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis |
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| Non fermenting, animal reservoir, gram -ve. Causes mild nausea, vomitting, pain. From poultry, milk, eggs, canteloupe. Don't give Abio since they recover. |
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| Salmonella enterica serovar typhi |
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| Gram -ve, non fermenting animal reservoir. Enteric fever, general infection in bloodstream, hemmorage, ulcers, absesses. Chronic or carrier. |
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| Escherichia coli |
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| Aerobic, Gram -ve, fermenter, normal flora. 4 types: -Enteropatho=infants -Enterotoxigenic=traveller's diarrhea -Enteroinvasive= diarrhea -E. coli 0157:H7 = hemorragic colitis, toxins from hamburger. Fever=death. |
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| Shigellae sonnei |
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| Gram -ve, true pathogen. Faecal route. Foods in north america. Pus in stool. |
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| Shigellae dysenteriae |
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| Gram -ve. In the tropics, food based. Severe invasion of the colon causes diarrhea, cramps, fever. Retain amount of the organism for time after. |
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| Vibrio cholerae |
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| Gram -ve, enterotoxin binds to cells=water loss. Cholera. Severe dehydration and death. Caused by faeces in water. |
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| Campylobacter jejuni |
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| Gram -ve, in foods and binds to normal flora. Causes pain, fever, diarrhea, bloody stool. Microaerophilic (needs specific amount of 02) |
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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| Gram -ve, not enteric. Opportunistic pathogen. Lives in moist areas. Antiobio resistant. Afflicts CF and burn patients with respiratory effects and severe infection. |
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| Pseudomonas cepacia |
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| Gram -ve, non enteric. Lives in moist area, antibiotic resistant, opportunistic. Used in bioremediation in spills but affects CF patients. |
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| Haemophilus influenzae |
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| Gram -ve, non enteric. Respiratory normal nose flora. Leads to invasive meningitis and pnemonia in kids. Chronic bronchitis heightened when introduced to bacteria. Vaccine! |
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| Enterobacter sakazakii |
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| Gram -ve, not enteric. Opportunistic for premature babies. From soil, cows, in baby formula. Nosocomial. |
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| Helicobacter pylori |
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| Gram -ve, non enteric, spiral, microaerophilic (certain amount 02). Causes ulcers (also stress and acid) so use pepto bismol (bismuth helps raise pH with urease) and antibiotics. |
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| Bordetella pertussis |
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| Gram -ve, non enteric. Whooping cough in kids. Vaccine used. Toxin weakens host cells which release exotoxin and destroy the cell. Lots of mucus=cough. |
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| Legionella pneumofila |
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| Gram -ve, non enteric. Water borne, opportunistic. Aerosol, legionaire's cause. Not spread person-person: only through aerosol vector. |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2 stages) |
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| Mycobacterium, ziehl-neelsen carbol fuchin tiral. Acid fast, aerobic. Lives in the host (intracellular) 1. Inhale mycobacterium, lives in alveoli and survives in macrophages. Build primary complex lesion and hides away. 6 weeks. Use tuberculin test=10mm. 2. Post primary: later reactivation of lesion in the body. HIV and those with chronic disease at risk |
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| Mycobacterium leprae |
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| Mycobacterium. Causes leprosy. a)Tuberculoid: plaques, PNS, low infectibility. b) Lepromatous: lots of plaques, some loss of nervous, highly infectious -given by human-human droplets. Give antibiotics. |
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| Treponema pallidum |
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| Spirochete. Sprial, small. Causes Syphilus. Primary: canchre 3-4 weeks. Shows treponemes in serology. Secondary : 6 weeks, rahs and mucosal lesions. Latent: 4 years, not infectious. Women give it congenitally through birth canal. Late: endarteritis, skin and mucus linings, heart, NS fails. 1. Non treponemal test (antigen similar) 2. Treponemal : real antigen ($) |
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| Borrelia burgdoferi |
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| Spriochete. Tick vector! Affects NS, joints, skin, heart. Can't grow. Use serology. Treat with vaccine (somewhat effective) or antibiotic. |
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| Chlamydia trachomatis |
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| Chlamydiae. Causes chlamydia. Elementary Body=small and outside the host and infectious. Reticulate Body= in host, replicates until lyse then switches back. Women=worse, PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy. Men=inflammation. Also cause conjuctivitis in newborns. |
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| Chlamydia pnemoniae |
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| Chylamydiae. Aerosol, Respiratory infection. Most are asymptomatic. |
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| Chlamydia psittaci |
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| Chylamydiae. Bird pathogen (normal flora for them) via faeces (aerosol too). Pnemonia or endocarditis. |
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| Mycoplasma pnemoniae |
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| Mycoplasms. Respiratory pnemonia or meningitis or heart problems. Give antibiotic. |
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| Mycoplasma hominis/ureaplasma urealyticum |
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| Mycoplasm. Genital normal flora. Infection grows with number of partners. Urethritis, PID, Fever. |
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| Cryptococus neoformans |
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| Fungus. Yeast with capsule. Stays in the lungs, usually asymptomatic. Can cause meningitis in immunocompromised and HIV. Give drugs, may need long term treatment. |
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| Aspergillus flavus |
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| Fungus. Spores are everywhere. IgE sensitivity. Causes pnemonia. Aflatoxin in peanuts, grains and rice. |
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| Giardia lamblia |
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| Parasite. Infection of the bowel, asympto of GI or growth issues. Trophozoites->cysts and ingest these. Animal and human carriers. Give drugs or filter water. |
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| Trichomonas vaginalis |
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| Parasite. Caused by mucous membranes (reproductive) touching. Foul discharge, vaginitis. Increased risk for Cancer and HIV. Babies low birth weight. Give metroniozol. |
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| Entamoeba histolytica |
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| Parasite. Infection of large intestine cells. Bloody stool, asympto except for liver lung and brain issues in rare cases. Look for cysts in stool. In foods and transferred by faeces by flies. Give metronidazol. |
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| Toxoplasma gondii |
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| Parasite. Causes fever or congenital leads to encephalitis, myocarditis, schizo, retardation, eye and liver. ONLY FROM CAT OOCYTES. Raw undercooked meat consumed by cats and then poop out cysts. |
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| Plasmodium spp. |
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| Parasite. Falciparum causes malaria. Malaria is chills, fever or seizures, coma, respiratory problems. Mosquitoes carry sporozoites or from blood donors. Do a smal and treat with antimalarial. |
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| Cryptosporidium spp. |
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| Parasite. Causes diarrhea, vomitting, anorexia. Life threatening if immuno. Oocysts in feces from food or water. Cattle reservoir. Live in host cells in GI and respiratory. Autoinfection when oocysts stay in lumen. |
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| Cyclospora cayetanensis |
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| Parasite. Oocysts in water and food not from animal/human reservoir. No spores. Causes nausea, vomitting, diarrhea. Treat with antiobiotics. |
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| Enterobius vermicularis |
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| Nematode-Round Worm. Lays eggs and picked up faecal-orally in kids. (daycare) Infection in colon causes itch. Scotch tape test. |
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| Trichenella spiralis |
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| Nematode - Round Worm. Animals and humans. Larvae in undercooked meat live in SI or in muscles. Worse is edema and fever, muscle weakness, CNS problems. In pigs. Trichenella nativa in wolves. |
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| Ascaris lumbricoides |
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| Nematode - Round Worm. Large. Eggs and mature outside and become infective. Get from soil, water, fruit. GI discomfort. |
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| Anisakis simplex |
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| Nematode - Round Worm. Dolphins and whales as hosts. Get from sushi. Looks like appendicitis. Causes GI, nausea, comitting, pain. Only see/remove once invasive exploratory surgery done. |
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| Diphyllobathrum latum |
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| Cestodes - Tapeworm. Wide an logn in the SI of fish eating mammals. Asymptomatic, pain, dizzy, anemia due to it eating your food. Prolottids are segments, so look for them. |
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| Taenia saginata |
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| Cestodes - Tapeworms. In beef. Folds and large, leading to bolus or nutritional deficit. Scolex holds onto SI. |
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| Taenia solium |
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| Cestode - Tapeworm. Pork tapeworm. Rings hold on to epithelium. Gi effects, lead to neural if can get up to the brain. |
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| Schistosoma spp. |
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| Trematode - Fluke. Larvae in water penetrate the skin. Host in water goes into area leading to fever, itch, enlarged lymph, spleen, liver. Look in wine or faeces (S. hematobium, S. japonicum/mansomi) Snails carry so eliminate them. |
