WW1 & Russian Revolution study guide. – Flashcards
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Belgium
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Germany's invasion of what country caused Britain to enter the war
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Black Hand
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Serbian terrorist group that assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Conscription
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Military draft
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Francis Ferdinand
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Heir to Austrian-Hungarian thrown. Despised by Serbians and assassination caused WW1
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Gavrillo Princip
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Member of Black Hand. Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Long term causes of WW1
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Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism
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Members of Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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Members of Triple Entente
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Great Britain, France, Russia
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Mobilization
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The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war. Act of war.
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Russia and Serbia
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July 1914: Austria-Hungary gets blank check from Germany. July 28: A-H declares war on Serbia. July 30: Mobilization of Russian army
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Short term causes of WW1
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Mobilization
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1st Battle of Marne and Schlieffen Plan
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River Marne in east central France. Allies stopped the German advance t o Paris. Germany retreated and dug trenches to hold ground (Start of trench warfare)
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Italy's attack on Austria
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Betrayed Germany and Austria by attacking Austria in 1915 then later joined Allied powers. Declared war on Germany in 1916
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Lawrence of Arabia
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British officer who helped lead the Arabs in a revolt against the Turks
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Central Powers
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
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New weapons to WW1
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Airplanes - Bombing, Air vs Air combat Poison gas, submarines, zeppelins, tanks, gas masks, steel helmets, softening with artillery, charging enemy trenches.
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Result of 1st Battle of Marne
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Stopped German forces from advancing to Paris. Trench warfare
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Planned economies
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Economic system directed by government agencies.
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Propaganda
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Spread of ideas to influence public opinion.
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Stalemate
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Situation in which no action can be taken; deadlock; tie; draw Western Front: 4 year stalemate
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Steps to the Schlieffen plan
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Germany's plan to avoid a two front war. Attack/defeat France first before turning east to Russia.
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The U.S & the Lusitania
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May 7th, 1915: British ship sunk by German ships. (128 U.S lives) U.S mad at Germany & opposition to U.S neutrality. Germany agreed to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare to stop U.S intervention in the war.
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Total War
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War involving a complete mobilization of resources and people
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U.S & Unrestricted submarine warfare
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Germany sank Lusitania (128 U.S lives killed) and agreed to stop submarine warfare to stop U.S from joining the war.
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Verdun
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10 month battle, 700,00 killed. Allies gained few miles of land. Forced British to take brunt of Somme offensive.
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Trench warfare, war of attrition & the Western Front
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Western front: Characterized by trench warfare Created a four year stalemate War of attrition: Wearing the other side down with constant attacks
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WW1 & the role of women
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Women workers march in protest then organized a general strike. (March Revolution)
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Alexander Kerensky and democratic government
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Set up a provisional government.
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Allies and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Russia exits the war (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) which angered the Allies.
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Bolsheviks/Communists
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Led by V.I Lenin. Violent revolution to destroy capitalism. Bolsheviks rename to Communists. Take over Russia during November Revolution
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Causes of March Revolution
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Poor military leadership Food shortage Peasant suffering
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Czar Nicholas II and WW1
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Used military to keep control. Last Czar of Russia. Failed at dissolving the Duma. Abdicated March 15th, ending Romanv dynasty.
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Eastern Front & result of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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Eastern Front: Mobility Russia withdraws from the war ending the fighting on the Eastern Front.
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Germany & Lenin
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Lenin was imprisoned in Germany for his socialist beliefs. Germany returned Lenin to Russia in an attempt to bring about a civil war
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Griogori Rasputin
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Alexandra (Czar Nicholas's wife) made decisions while Nicholas was at the front. She was influenced by a Siberian peasant, Grigori Rasputin
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Leon Trotsky & contribution to Communist movement
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Head of Petrograde Soviet. Trained and led Communist Red Army
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March Revolution and Czar Nicholas II
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Abdication of Nicholas II-The last Czar of Russia
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Red Secret Police & the Red Terror-Only in Russia
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Siberian Anti-Communists Allied material aid to anti-Communists The Ukrainians Eventually defeat all "White" forces Red Secret Police, "Cheka" Began a Red Terror campaign to destroy all those who opposed the new regime Comparable to Reign of Terror during the French Revolution
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Result of the November Revolution
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Communists takeover of Russia Kerensky overthrown by Lenin.
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Soviet
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Represented radical ideas of lower class
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V.I Lenin and the Bolsheviks
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Bolsheviks led by Lenin. Lenin and Bolsheviks dedicated to violent revolution to destroy capitalism
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V.I Lenin and WW1
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Signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk to get out of the War. Angered the Allies.
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Whites and the Russian Civil War
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Whites: Anti-communist groups in the Russian Civil War
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Armistice
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A state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
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Britain and the mandate system under the League of Nations
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After the war, Britain ruled Iraq and Palestine as mandates, but did not own the territory
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Countries created after WW1
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Czechoslavokia, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia.
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David Lloyd George and Great Britain
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Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain) wanted to make the Germans pay for the war
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Empires dismantled after WW1
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Ottoman, Austrian-Hungary,
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Erich von Ludendorff
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German general, led military operations
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George Clemenceau, France, and the Paris Peace Conference
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He took harsh lines against Germany.
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France, Germany, and Alsace Lorraine
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Treaty of Versailles - Germany must return Alsace and Lorraine to France.
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George Clemenceau and France
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George Clemenceau (France) was guided by the desire for national security and revenge Disarm Germany, reparations, create a buffer zone in the Rhineland
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Germany and reparations
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Treaty of Versailles: Made Germany pay reparations
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Germany, Treaty of Versailles, and Article 231
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Article 231: "War Guilt Clause" Declared Germany and Austria were responsible for starting the war
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League of Nations
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An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. The U.S never joined. Dissolved in 1946 after The United Nations was created.
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Mandate
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A nation officially governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations
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Members of the Big Three
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U.S, Great Britain, France. Made majority of decisions. Most disagreement/compromises
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Russia and the Treaty of Versailles
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Russian Civil War
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Self-Determination
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President Woodrow Wilson wanted self-determination for the New Nations, Europe, and the Middle-East.
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Terms of the Treaty of Versailles-Only with Germany
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Made Germany pay reparations. Return Alsace and Lorraine back to France.
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War Guilt Clause
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In the Treaty of Versailles; Declared Germany and Austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers
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William II
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Admiral Holtzendorff convinced Emperor William II to resume unrestricted submarine warfare. German Kaiser William II forced to step down because the Allies would not negotiate with the imperial government
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Woodrow Wilson and the New World Order
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Woodrow Wilson became a spokesperson for a New World Order based on democracy and international cooperation
