World History: The Industrial Revolution (Study Guide) – Flashcards
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enclosures
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wealthy landowners bought the land of village farmers and enclosed their land with fences or hedges - the increase in their landholdings enabled them to cultivate larger fields - within these larger fields, called enclosures, landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields - in these enclosures, landowners tried new farming methods and they also forced small farmers to give up farming and move to the cities
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crop rotation
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planting different crops each year to suite nutrients in the soil - a very important development - one year plant something that exhausts the soil nutrients (like wheat) - after that plant something that restores nutrients - repeats every year
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factors of production
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land, labor, and capital (wealth, economics)
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entrepreneur
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a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
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urbanization
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the building of cities and the movement of people to cities - it happened because they couldn't gain a profit independently and needed jobs - happened mainly between 1800 and 1850
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good effects of urbanization
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- more capital - businesses grew - people were closer to jobs
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bad effects of urbanization
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- overcrowding - bad health - no sanitation/disease - pollution
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why did urbanization happen
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- people couldn't gain a profit independently and needed jobs - factories were being built and they needed workers - workers had to live close so they lived in the cities where all the factories were
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factories
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large buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled by machines - inventions moved from houses to these
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where were factories first built
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by rivers and streams for waterpower
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Luddites
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a group of people who didn't like the working conditions or machines that put them out of independent work - they smashed machines, attacking whole factories in norther England, destroying laborsaving machinery - possibly still exist today and don't like technology
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when did the Luddites first start attacking factories
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1811
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who were the Luddites named after
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Ned Ludd, probably a mythical English laborer, who said to have destroyed weaving machinery around 1779
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Charles Dickens
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a writer and a social critic
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when was Charles Dickens born
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1812
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what are two novels he wrote
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"Oliver Twist" and "A Christmas Carol"
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important notes from the video "A Christmas Carol"
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- no heat/coal - "too expensive" - Scrooge didn't want to be bothered with the poor - thinks they waste money on things during Christmas - doesn't want to help poor people and children - raises prices/lowers wages - Scrooge thinks poor people should be grateful for what they have, for their conditions - feels like Christmas is a time when people get paid for not working - Scrooge thinks maybe poor people should die to decrease the overpopulation - poor people are starving - people just fall into certain classes
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important notes from the video "Oliver Twist"
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- children are hungry - are afraid o beaters/masters - children are abused - can't wait to eat even if they will get beat for eating too soon - would do almost anything else to not be working - were not shown any mercy - expected to act like adults but were treated like animals
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laissez-faire economics
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a policy or attitude of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference - this policy favors a free market unregulated by the government - it is French for "let do" and by extension, "let people do as they please"
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Adam Smith
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a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland - wrote "The Wealth of Nations" (1776)
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"The Wealth of Nations" (1776)
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written by Adam Smith - defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets - economic liberty guaranteed economic progress - government should not interfere - Smith's arguments rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics
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the three natural laws of economics
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1. the law of self-interest 2. the law of competition 3. the law of supply and demand
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the law of self-interest
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people work for their own good
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the law of competition
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competitions forces people to make a better product
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the law of supply and demand
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enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy
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capitalism
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the factors of productions are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
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who's ideas founded capitalism
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Adam Smith and British economists Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo
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utilitarianism
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people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness - actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority
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the government's role in utilitarianism
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promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people - policy was only useful if it promoted this goal
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who introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism
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English philosopher Jeremy Bentham modified the ideas of Adam Smith
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when was utilitarianism introduced
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the late 1700s
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socialism
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the factors of productions are owned by the public to operate for the welfare of all
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who introduced this new economic system
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French reformers such as Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and others
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what were their intentions
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they sought to offset the ill effects of industrialization - wanted "Utopian Socialism"
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Karl Marx
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a German journalist - studied philosophy at the University of Berlin before he turned to journalism and economics - in 1849, Marx joined the flood of radicals who fled continental Europe for England - Marx's theories of socialism and the inevitable revolt of the working class made him little money - he earned a meager living as a journalist - Friedrich Engels gave Marx financial aid
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what did he introduce to the world
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a radical type of socialism called Marxism
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who wrote "The Communist Manifesto" (1848)
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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Friedrich Engels
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a German whose father owned a textile mill in Manchester
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what was "The Communist Manifesto" (1848) about
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human societies have always been divided into warring classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat - while the wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, the poor performed backbreaking labor under terrible conditions - this led to conflict - the Industrial Revolution had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor
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what did Marx and Engels predict about the workers and the owners
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the workers would overthrow the owners
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bourgeoisie
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the middle class "haves" or employers
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proletariat
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the "have-nots" or workers
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the future according to Karl Marx
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the capitalist system, which produced the Industrial Revolution, would eventually destroy itself
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how would it destroy itself
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factories would drive small artisans out of business, leaving a small number of manufacturers to control all the wealth - the large proletariat would revolt, seize the factories and mills from the capitalists, and produce what society needed. Workers sharing in the profits, would bring about economic equality for all people - the workers would control the government in a "dictatorship of the proletariat" - after a period of cooperative living and education, the state or government would wither away as a classless society developed
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what did Marx call this final phase
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pure communism
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communism
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a form of complete socialism in which the means of productions--all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses--would be owned by the people - private property would in effect cease to exist - all goods and services would be shared equally
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unions
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workers joined together in voluntary labor associations - wanted to press for reforms - became more active in politics - a union spoke for all the workers in a particular trade - unions engaged in collective bargaining negotiations between workers and their employers - they bargained for better working conditions and higher pay - if factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work
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William Wilberforce
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a highly religious man and a member of Parliament - led for the fight for abolition of the slave trade and slavery in the British Empire - he retired from Parliament in 1825, but continued his fight to free the slaves
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when did Britain finally abolish slavery in its empire
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1833
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the Factory Act
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illegal to hire children under 9 years old - children from the ages of 9 to 12 couldn't work more than 8 hours per day - young people from 13 to 17 couldn't work more than 12 hours
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what led to the Factory Act
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in 1820s and 1830s, Parliament began investigation child labor and working conditions in factories and mines
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when was the Factory Act
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1833
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the Mines Act
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prevented women and children from working underground
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when was the Mines Act
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1842
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the Ten Hours Act
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limited the workday to ten hours for women and children who worked in factories
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when was the Ten Hours Act
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1847
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Lewis Hine (1874-1940)
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a photojournalist in America- took pictures of child labor - known as the "Father of the Documentary Movement" - he persuaded legislators to pass laws against child labor - his photographs were instrumental in changing the child labor laws in the U.S. - possibly the first photojournalist in the world
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who are Lewis Hine's heroes
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laborers
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reasons the Industrial Revolution started in England
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- modern agricultural techniques (Agricultural Revolution) - abundant food supplies - increasing population - high demand for food and goods - large population of workers - extensive natural resources - expanding economy/economic prosperity - highly developed banking system/availability of bank loans - increasing overseas trade - political stability - positive attitude - entrepreneurs - inventions - capital - ports and rivers - overall encouraging climate for businesses and investors/climate of progress
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who were the new members of the upper class
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entrepreneurs, factory owners, businessman
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who were the old members of the upper class
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landowners and aristocrats
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who were the new members of the middle class
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merchants, doctors, businessman, supervisors/managers
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who were the new members of the lowest class
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mass workers/factory workers - rare homeless people
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what was this class class called
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"the working class"
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which class did the majority of the nation's wealth go to
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the middle class
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what were the working conditions for children
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beating/abusing - diseases - no safety - dangerous machines - toxins in food - ruined home life - 14 hrs a day - children sometime 3 years old
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why was the industrial revolution delayed in France
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the agricultural economy remained strong - maybe political turmoil and a lack of coal
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philanthropist
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someone who gives money to help poor people
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the two main differences between capitalism and socialism
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1. the government controls the factors of productions and distributes goods and money equally among all in socialism while the factors of productions or privately owned and people invest money in business ventures for profit in capitalism 2. people have to work hard and compete to gain profit in capitalism while socialism doesn't require one to work hard to gain the same profit as others
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what is the difference between socialism and communism
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socialism is an economic system while communism is a political system
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SPICE positive effects of the Industrial Revolution
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*Social*: created jobs, raised standard of living, transportation, more clothes/food, urbanization/modern buildings, inventions, class structure/larger middle class, lower prices, unions, healthier diets, better housing, more educational opportunities *Political*: government learned to protect working and living conditions of people, political reform, gov't involvement *Interaction*: made nation appear wealthy, lots more export/import for resources, imperialism, inventions, transportation *Cultural*: cultures blended/unified *Economical*: contributed to the wealth of the nation, industrialization, fostered technological progress and invention, huge increase in capital, capitalism which led to socialism and other economic models
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SPICE negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
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*Social*: horrible working and living conditions, pollution/urbanization/environmental damage, dangerous factories, cruel factory bosses, child labor, packed tightly together, class gaps widened, pollution, disease *Political*: abstinence/laisseze faire *Interaction*: more focus on marketing in other nations/not enough in own nation *Cultural*: dropped cultures *Economical*: bad organization/management
