World History Test 4 – Byzantine and Muslim Empires – Flashcards
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In general, the Germanic peoples who dominated Western Europe after the fifth century C.E...
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...Admired Roman culture and did not try to destroy it
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In general, during the so-called Dark Ages in western Europe from 500-1000CE, the Byzantine Empire...
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...Was generally prosperous and culturally prosperous and culturally creative
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Justinian was Emperor in the middle of the
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6th Century
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Justinian was a/an _________ Emperor
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Byzantine
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How did Justinian help shape many governments between the Renaissance and the 19th century?
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His collection of laws
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Cyrillic
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-Based on the Greek Alphabet -Made by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius -Created c. 870 -Facilitated the spread of Byzantine Christianity and culture among Slavic-speaking peoples in eastern Europe & Russia
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In the Byzantine Empire, what limited the influence of the aristocracy that got its wealth from land, and prevented the development of a feudal system?
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Merchant aristocracy
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The Eastern Church disputed all of the following beliefs and practices that were mandatory in the Western Church during the middle ages:
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-Purgatory Exists -Divorce and remarriage is impossible -Priests are not allowed to marry -Services must be conducted in Latin, not the vernacular (original languages)
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Which term is best associated with the controversy about who was the boss of all Christians?
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Papal primacy
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At the battle of Manzikert...
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...Byzantines suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Saljuq Turks
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The Crusades were a series of military expeditions by....
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European Christians
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The best date for the Battle of Manzikert is
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1071
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Islamic influence on Western culture during the Middle Ages included all of the following:
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-Medicine -Mathematics -Law
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Who is the author of the following quote? "The population was put to the sword by the Franks, who pillaged the area for a week."
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(q) Ibn Al-Athir
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What is the setting of the source that the following quote comes from? "The Franks slaughtered more than 70,000 people, among them a large number of Imams and Muslim scholars."
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(q) Southwest Turkey and Iraq
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What type of document does the following quote come from? "Weeping so that their hearers wept with them as they described the sufferings of the Muslims in that Holy City: the men killed, the women and children taken prisoner, the homes pillaged."
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(q) History
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Who are the killers in the following quote? "The population was put to the sword by the Franks, who pillaged the area for a week."
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(q) Europeans
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Themes for the following quote? "The Franks slaughtered more than 70,000 people, among them a large number of Imams and Muslim scholars."
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(q) -Sacrilege -Genocide -Uncivilized-Brutal -Muslim vs. Christian
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Before they converted to Catholicism, the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Vandals entered the Roman Empire as...
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Aryan Christians
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All of the following were characteristics of the synthesis of Roman and Germanic cultures during the early Middle Ages
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-Roman law -Latin Language -Christianity
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The Byzantine empire was:
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-Eastern Orthodox Christian -A unique civilization -Smaller than the whole Roman Empire -Led by a dynasty of Macedonians
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Which date best represents Justinian's death?
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565
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Justinian is famous for:
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Writing down and simplifying Roman Law
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Justinian
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-His policy was "one God, one empire, one religion." -He changed local town governments by replacing the local landowners who ran them with governors loyal to him. -Married to Theodora, the daughter of a circus bear trainer -He wanted to centralize the government
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Constantinople
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-The capital of an immense commercial network -Claimed that 2/3 of the world's wealth was centered there -Had a large bureaucracy (an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials) -Featured a powerful merchant aristocracy
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Constantinople featured:
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-Genoan and Pisan quarters -French and Venetian quarters -A Jewish Quarter -A Muslim Quarter
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The Split between Eastern and Western churches was based upon:
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-The iconoclastic controversy -Mutual excommunication (kicking out of the church) of each other's religious leaders -The filioque classes of the Nicene Creed -the "doctrine of papal primacy"
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Which of the following terms is best associated with a controversy about the divinity of Christ and the question of whether he and the Holy Spirit come of God the Father?
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filioque
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Alexius I asked for help because...
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...The Turks had moved into Asia Minor and defeated his forces
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The Crusades began as a series of military expeditions against:
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Islamic Saljuq Turks
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The Crusades lasted approximately...
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1000-1300 CE
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What is the setting in the narrative for the following quote? "The population was put to the sword by the Franks, who pillaged the area for a week."
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(q) Jerusalem
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What is the title of the source that the following quote comes from? "The Franks slaughtered more than 70,000 people, among them a large number of Imams and Muslim scholars."
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The Perfect History
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What is the best date for the source that the following quote comes from? "Weeping so that their hearers wept with them as they described the sufferings of the Muslims in that Holy City: the men killed, the women and children taken prisoner, the homes pillaged."
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1233
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What is the strongest theme for the following quote? "Weeping so that their hearers wept with them as they described the sufferings of the Muslims in that Holy City: the men killed, the women and children taken prisoner, the homes pillaged."
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(q) Genocide
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Who is killed in the following quote? "The population was put to the sword by the Franks, who pillaged the area for a week."
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Muslims
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Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism all expanded in the period from 1000-1500 because of...
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...their ability to adapt to local customs.
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What is/are the Ulama?
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The Islamic Scholarly Elite
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Over time, the Ulama became...
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Socially conservative
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Muslim orthodoxy is best defined...
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...in terms of what Muslims do, rather than what they believe.
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The Islamic sect that stresses personal piety and embraces spiritualism
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Sufi
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What is the best approximate date for when Sufism developed?
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After ca. 700 CE
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Which of the following are/were Muslim sects (sect: a denomination of a larger religious group)?
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-Sufism -Shi'ite -Sunni -"Twelvers"
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Sufi Piety includes all of the following:
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-Avoidance of temptation -Saint veneration -Shrine pilgrimage
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The followers of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'ism are best described as...
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...Philosophical esoterics who were often revolutionary in nature.
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Which of the following is a difference between "Seveners" and "twelvers"?
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Seveners accept Isma'il as the seventh Imam, while twelvers believe that the twelfth imam would return and begin the final judgement
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Who/what was Al-Andalus?
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Parts of Spain governed by Muslims
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The citadel and palace of the Moorish kings at Granada, Spain, was called:
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Alhambra
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Who conquered the Fatimids?
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Salah-al-Din
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The cultural center of western Europe in the tenth and eleventh centuries was...
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...Cordoba in Spain under the Umayyad dynasty.
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All of the following are true about the Reconquista.
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-Occurred from 1000 to 1492 -Put the Iberian Peninsula back under Catholic control -Completed by the Spanish King and Queen, Ferdinand and Isabella -Those who did not convert to Christianity were killed, persecuted, or expelled
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By 1500 CE The christians had reconquered...
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...Greece
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Which of the following were true about the Fatimids?
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-Muslims -Controlled North Africa -Treated minorities with respect -Built the al-Azhar mosque
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The Mamluk sultans
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-Were descendants of Turkish and Mongol slave officers. -Established a state based on a military fief system. -Successfully resisted the Mongol invasions.
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What is the title of the text that this quote was taken from? "They go out to spend the night there also on the night on the "night of the midsha'ban," and also the marketpeople take out all kinds of eatables
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(q) The Rihla
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What is the best date for the setting within the narrative? "All the scholars whom I have met hold these graves to be the very graves of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their wives. No one questions this except introducers of false doctrines; it is a tradition which has passed from father to son for generations and admits of no doubt."
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1362
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What is the setting in the narrative for the following quote? "These men are celibate; the married men have separate convents."
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(q) Cairo
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Themes for the following quote/immediate context? "These men are celibate; the married men have separate convents."
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-Monasticism -=Ramadan -Asceticism -Sex as a distraction from faith
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What is the author talking about in the following quote? "They go out to spend the night there also on the "night od the midsha'ban" and the market-people take out all kinds of eatables."
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(q) Cemetery
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What is the setting in the narrative for the following quote? "at nightfall they smooth down the sand so that no track is left on it, then in the morning the governor comes and looks at the sand."
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Syria
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What is the author talking about in the following quote? "All the scholars whom I have met hold these graves to be the very graves of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their wives. No one questions this except introducers of false doctrines; it is a tradition which has passed from father to son for generations and admits of no doubt."
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Sacred site
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What is the setting in the narrative for the following quote? "God proved false the assertion of the Christians."
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Damascus
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Themes for the following quote/immediate context? "God proved false the assertion of the Christians."
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-Test of Faith -Divine intervention -Co-opting the sacred -Byzantine architecture
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Themes for the following quote/immediate context? "On the left as one emerges from it is the coppersmiths' gallery, a large bazaar, one of the finest in Damascus, extending along the south wall of the mosque."
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-Commercial vs. Spiritual -Classical (Greek and Roman) -Islam spread through trade -Urban (relating to or belonging to a city)
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Madrasa
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A college of higher learning based on personal teachings from the Qur'an
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The Ulama
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-Served a social function similar to the Christian clergy -Entrenched religious, social, and political elites -Sunni and Shi'ite scholars -Power spread through Madrasa
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What does "conservative"mean?
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Reluctant to accept change
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The whirling dervishes are part of which group?
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Sufis
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All of the following are Sufi religious beliefs and practices:
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-Praying five times a day -Performing a hajj once in their lives -Using music and bodily movement to bring themselves closer to god
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When did Shi'ite traditions crystallize?
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10th to 11th centuries
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The most important contribution of the Hanbalite school of legal thought to sunni islam was that it...
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...stressed reliance only on a literal reading of the Qur'an and the Hadith.
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Sufi Brotherhoods or fraternal orders became the...
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...chief instruments for the spread of Islam
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"Twelvers"
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-They believe in Mahdi or "guided one" -They believe in the martyrdom of the twelve imams -They controlled Iranian state religion in the sixteenth century.
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Shi'ites made up a significant part of the population in all of the following areas:
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-Sind -Iraq -Iran
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The grandeur of Moorish Islamic architecture is still visible at the
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Alhambra
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What is the best range of dates for the reign of the Almohads?
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1147-1275
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Cordoba was known for all of the following:
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-Commercial activity -Great mosques -Literature -Science and medicines
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The reconquista was...
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...Military conflict in Spain between Christian and Islamic rules.
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The Fatimids were...
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..A Shi'ite dynasty in Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt
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The Druze
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Professed belief that one of the fatimid caliphs was the last incarnation of God
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Saladin, the general of the Islamic army during the crusades, also accomplished what during his lifetime?
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Founded the Ayyubid Dynasty and many madrasas
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The only Islamic dynasty to withstand the Mongols:
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Mamluks
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Who is the author of the following quote? "These men are celibate; the married men have separate convents."
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(q) Ibn Battuta
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What is the best date for when the following quote was written? "At nightfall they smooth down the sand so that no track is left on it, then in the morning the governor comes and looks at the sand."
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1362
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What type of document was the following quote taken from? "God proved false the assertion of the Christians."
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(q) Travel Literature
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What is the author talking about in the following quote? "These men are celibate; the married men have separate convents."
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(q) A religious residence
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What is the setting in the narrative for the following quote? "They go out to spend the night there also on the 'Night of the midsha'ban' and the market-people take out all kinds of eatable."
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(q) Cairo
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Themes for the following quote? "They go out to spend the night there also on the 'Night of the midsha'ban' and the market-people take out all kinds of eatable."
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(q) -Axis Mundi -Commercial vs. Spiritual -Sacred -Scripture
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What is the author talking about in the following quote? "At nightfall they smooth down the sand so that no track is left on it, then in the morning the governor comes and looks at the sand."
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(q) Security measure
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Themes for the following quote? "All the scholars whom I have met hold these graves to be the very graves of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their wives. No one questions this except introducers of false doctrines; it is a tradition which has passed from father to son for generations and admits of no doubt."
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(q) -Oral history -Value of education/knowledge -Heresy -Regional practices
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What is the author talking about in the following quote? "God proved false the assertion of the Christians."
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(q) Mosque
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Themes for the following quote? "This is the church of which they are falsely persuaded to believe that it contains the grave of Jesus [Church of the Holy Sepulcher]."
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(q)-Special taxes on religious minorities -Special taxes on religious minorities -Pilgrimage -Religious toleration -Muslim vs. Christian
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Which of the following goods or services were available in the bazaars of Damascus?
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-Candles and glassware -Fruit and candy -Books and stationery -Marriage ceremonies -Cloth and jewelry
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The Osman Turks were ______ in the late thirteenth century.
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Peaceful herders
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What important straits did the Ottomans take from the Byzantine Empire?
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Bosporus and Dardanelles
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Most Janissaries came from
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The Balkans
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What is the best approximate date for the Battle of Kosovo?
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1390
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Who lost the battle of Kosovo?
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Serbs
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Under which Sultan did the Ottomans move to the end of the Byzantine empire?
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Mehmet II
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Ottoman Siege of Constantinople
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-There were 80,000 attackers and only 7,000 defenders -The Ottomans had massive cannons that fire stone balls weighing up to 1,200 lbs each -The people of Constantinople fought for almost two months -The Ottomans sacked and pillaged the city for three days
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Selim II
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-Controlled Mesopotamia, Egypt and Arabia -Declared himself the new caliph -Was Suleyman's father -Also called Selim the Grim, because he killed his father, two brothers, many nephews and 62 other relatives.
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What are the best approximate dates for Suleyman I?
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1520-1570
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Who won the Battle of Mohacs?
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Ottomans
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What is the best approximate date for the first siege of Vienna?
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1530
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Vienna is a city in:
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Austria
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Lepanto was:
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A naval battle
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The Ottoman Empire was a __________ empire
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Gunpowder
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Pashas
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-Ottoman bureaucrats -Collected taxes -Maintained law and order -Property of the Sultan
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Harem
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Private domain of the ruler
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Sultan
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-Hereditary position -Took on the symbols of imperial rule -Always male -Increasingly isolated in palace
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The Sultan's palace
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-Built in 15th century -Center of the administration of the government -The residence of the sultan and his family
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Grand vizier
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Chief minister
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In addition to the ruling class, there were four main occupational classes in the Ottoman empire. These were...
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-Peasants -Merchants -Artisans -Pastoral Peoples
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Which non-ruling class was largely exempt from taxes and government regulation in Ottoman society?
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Merchants
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Which class in Ottoman society was organized into craft guilds?
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Artisans
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"Pastoral Peoples" means...
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Nomadic herders
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Sinan was:
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an Architect
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Minaret is a:
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Tower
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Jobs of a Sultan
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-Sit behind a screen in imperial council meetings -Often chose four favorite wives -Control his bureaucracy through the imperial council -Own all the land in the empire
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Devshirme
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Boy levy
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A promising young recruit from the boy levy might expect all of the following:
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-Strict discipline and severe punishments, like having the soles of his feet beaten with a thin wooden rod -Being isolated from the outside world and regarding his family as dead -An education in reading and writing, language, and prayer -Physical and military training
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Which body of water is best associated with Azerbaijan?
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Caspian Sea
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All of the following occurred under Shah Abbas:
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-Army strengthened with the latest weapons, -Empire reached its high point of glory. -Moved against Ottomans to regain lost territories. -Helped European states that viewed Safavids as allies against the Ottomans
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The Safavid empire controlled most of:
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Persia
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What did the Ottomans and Safavids have in common?
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-Thoroughly enjoyed arts. -Mixed religions in their societies -Hated each other. -Had a ruling system close to an absolutist monarch rule (monarch exercises
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What building was occupied for 400 years by the Ottoman sultans until 1853?
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Topkapi Palace
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Why was the Baghdad pavillion at the Topkapi Palace given that name?
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Because in 1853, the building was moved from Baghdad
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What does Mihrab mean?
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prayer niche
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The qibla wall (which includes the mihrab) in a mosque faces which city?
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Mecca
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What would you find in an Ottoman mosque?
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-Red and white striped arches -Large domes -Intricate tile designs -Koranic verses
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What is the best date for when the author of the following quote died? "This mosque has four minarets, the galleries of which are ten in number, as a record that Sultan Suleyman was the tenth sultan of the house of Osman.
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1685
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Who was the author of the following quote? "The workmen penetrated so far into the earth, that the sound of their pick axes was heard by the bull that bears up the bottom of the earth."
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(q) Evliya Chelebi
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What is the strongest theme for the following quote? "Having assembled all the thousands of perfect masters in architecture, building, stone-hewing, and marble cutting."
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(q) Effeminate
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Themes for the following quote? "The workmen penetrated so far into the earth, that the sound of their pick axes was heard by the bull that bears up the bottom of the earth."
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-Axis Mundi -violation of laws of science/nature -Feat of engineering -Architecture and building as an Agon
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Themes for the following quote? "The dome is joined by two semi-domes."
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-Classical -Hagia Sophia -Byzantine
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"The Building of the Suleymaniye Mosque" was an excerpt from which text?
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The Book of Travels
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Which of the following is one of Shah Abbas's chief policies?
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lying to the Shah is strictly prohibited
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All are true of the role that Shah Abbas played in the Safavid Empire:
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-Oversaw bureaucracy -Was the spiritual director -Made laws -Was a benefactor to citizens
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Themes for the following quote: "His fiery temper, his imperiousness, his majesty, and regal splendor are matched by his mildness, leniency, his ascetic way of life, and his immortality."
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(q)-Apotheosis -Violation of the laws of nature -Theocracy -Bi-polar
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Security for the roads was especially important for...
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....tradesmen and merchants
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What is the strongest theme for the following quote? "The total revenues for one month, which according to the computation of the di van officials amounted to some twenty thousand toman, were given to the people as alms."
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(q)Zakat
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Themes for the following quote? "All di van levies were waived for all Shi'ites throughout the entire empire during the month of Ramazan"
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(q)-Five Pillars -Concern for People -Sawm -Zakat
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Shah Abbas practices...
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Asceticism
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What is the best them for the following quote? "the shah considers the possessions and treasures of this world of little value"
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(q) Asceticism
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A good example of how Safavid society was not a meritocracy is...
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...Passing down a government position to an heir
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What is the strongest theme for the following quote? "Shah Abbas mixes freely with all classes of society"
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(q) Inversion of social hierarchy
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Where did the Osman Turks emerge?
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Anatolian peninsula
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The Osman Turks began to expand after the decline of...
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The Seljuk Empire
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Janissaries were:
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An elite guard
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All of the following are true about the Janissaries
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-Property of the Sultan -Well trained in firearms -Foot soldiers and administrators -Built in the fourteenth century
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Who won the battle of Kosovo?
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Ottomans
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Muslims were not allowed to ______ other Muslims.
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Enslave
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What is the best date for the Ottoman Siege of Constantinople?
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1453
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What is the best approximate date for Selim I?
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1515
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The Caliph:
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-Defender of Islam -Successor of Muhammad -Responsible for guiding the Muslims' spirituality -Responsible for maintaining religious law
