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appeasement

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policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace

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pacifism

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opposition to all way; neutrality

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neutrality acts

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a series of acts passed by the U.S. Congress from 1935 to 1939 that aimed to keep the U.S. from becoming involved in WWII. (One law forbade the sale of arms to any nation at war. Others outlawed loans to warring nations and prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of warring powers. The fundamental goal of American policy, however, was to avoid involvement in a European war, not to prevent such a conflict.)

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axis powers

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group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought the Allies in World War II. (aka the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis)

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Francisco Franco

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Francisco Franco (1892-1975) was a Spanish military leader who came to power during the Spanish Civil War. He was dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1973, when he left his position as premier. He continued to be head of state until his death in 1975.

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Anschluss

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union of Austria and Germany. Austria does not agree, so Hitler invades.

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Sudetenland

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a region of Western Czechoslovakia that, before the start of WWII, had a large population of Germans. This is what motivated Hitler to take Sudetenland under his control.

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Nazi-Soviet pact

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bound Hitler and Stalin to peaceful relations. Secretly, the two agreed not to fight if the other went to war and to divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them. The pact was based not on friendship or respect but on mutual need. Hitler feared communism as Stalin feared fascism.

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blitzkrieg

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"lightning war"

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nullify

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to make legally null and void; invalidate

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luftwaffe

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German air force

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vichy

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German puppet state in southern France

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Erwin Rommel "desert fox"

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Erwin Rommel (1891-1944) was a career military officer and one of Hitler's most successful generals.

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lend-lease act

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act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1941 that allowed the president (FDR) to sell or lend war supplies to any country whose defense was considered vital to the United States (the allies)

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Atlantic charter

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agreement in which Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill set goals for the defeat of Nazi Germany and for the postwar world

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Hideki Tojo

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(1884-1948) was born in Tokyo and was a career military man. He was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army and the 40th prime minister of Japan during most of World War II, from 1941 to 1945. He was directly responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and was arrested and sentenced to death for Japanese war crimes.

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internment

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confinement during wartime

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FDR

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(1882-1945) the longest serving American president, elected to the office four times. During his third term, inspired many through his strong leadership during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and America's subsequent entry into World War II. He was elected to a fourth term in 1944, but his health deteriorated as the war came to an end. Died in April 1945.

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Dwight Eisenhower

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(1890-1969) During World War II, he was the American general who commanded the Allied forces in western Europe. "Ike" later served as the 34th president of the United States, from 1953-1961.

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D-Day

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code name for June 6, 1944, the day that Allied forces invaded France during WWII

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aircraft carrier

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ship that accommodates the taking off and landing of airplanes, and transports aircraft

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yalta conference

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meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin (the big three) in February 1945 where the three leaders made agreements regarding the end of World War II

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V-E day

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Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day the Allies won WWII in Europe

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island hopping

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a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II

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Douglas MacArthur

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(1880-1964) led the Allied assaults in the Southwest Pacific. He also commanded troops in World War I and the Korean War. He became a general and army chief of staff during the Depression.

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Kamikaze

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Japanese pilot who undertook a suicide mission

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Manhattan project

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code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb during WWII

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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the two cities in Japan where atomic bombs were dropped by the United States during WWII

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Nuremberg trials

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series of war crimes trials held in Germany after WWII; many Nazis who directly participated in the Holocaust were imprisoned or sentenced to death

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United Nations

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an international organization formed in 1945 at the end of World War II. Since then, its global role has expanded to include economic and social development, human rights, humanitarian aid, and international law

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comintern

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Communist International, international association of communist parties led by the Soviet Union for the purpose of encouraging worldwide communist revolution

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totalitarian

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government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens' lives

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Spanish civil war

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A war fought in the late 1930s in Spain. On one side were the Loyalists, Spaniards loyal to a recently elected government in the form of a republic; on the other side were fascists (see fascism), led by General Francisco Franco.

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fascists

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a believer in a centralized, authoritarian government system that is not communist, whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights

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1938 Munich conference

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Britain, France, Germany. Hitler sets sights on Sudetenland. (3 million Germans lived in this area at the time; therefore Hitler believed it rightly belonged to Germany.) Britain/France do not want to lose Czechoslovakia, so they agree to give Hitler Sudetenland.

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What are two "fatal mistakes" of the axis powers?

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-Germany invading Russia during the winter -Japan attacking Pearl Harbor

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Treaty of Versailles effects on Germany

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demanded reparations from Germany from the war, strips German military, strips German colonies and land, Germany cannot rebuild empire, Germany has to take full blame for the war

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Why is the League of Nations useless?

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weak, US and USSR are not members, no money, no military, ALL countries must agree for a decision to be made

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Japan acts of aggression

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believe they are entitled to a large empire. Withdraw from League of Nations after they are reprimanded for Manchuria invasion. Second sino-Japanese war. (They are trying to build their empire, driven by nationalism/imperialism.)

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Italy acts of aggression

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Invade Ethiopia in 1935 because they had lost a war against them before. (Italy is salty @ Ethiopia.) Haile Selassie (king of Ethiopia) reaches out to League of Nations for help, which does nothing. The colonization of Ethiopia by Italy increases nationalism.

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Germany acts of aggression

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Rebuild Germany army (going against Treaty of Versailles), no one tries to stop this. In 1936, Hitler sends troops into demilitarized zone of France.

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Spain acts of aggression

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Fascists win Spanish civil war. Nationalists vs. loyalists. Hitler sends support to Franco (nationalist). Spread of Fascism.

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what happens in 1939, after the Munich conference?

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Hitler takes Czechoslovakia, breaking his promise; Western powers do nothing to stop him.

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what is the immediate cause of WWII?

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German invasion of Poland. Immediately after, France and Britain declare war on Germany.

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who "dominated" at the beginning of the war?

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Axis powers: Germany, Italy, Japan.

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who "dominated" at the end of the war?

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Allies: USA, USSR, Britain, France

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what happens after the defeat of Japan at Coral Sea and Midway?

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from this point on, Japan is in a defensive position rather than an offensive one.

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1. In what ways did Hitler violate the treaty of Versailles?

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Rebuilding the German army, stopped paying reparations, sent troops into the "demilitarized" Rhineland, made an alliance with Austria, invaded Poland, took the Sudetenland

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2. Why did the British and the French follow a policy of appeasement? What are some examples of this appeasement?

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A policy of appeasement developed for a few reasons: -Britain did not want to confront Hitler, and France was demoralized and relied on Britain -Some thought Hitler's violation of the Treaty of Versailles was justified because it was too harsh -In both Britain and France, many saw Hitler and fascism as a defense against a worse evil—the spread of Soviet communism -The great depression damaged the Western democracies -Widespread pacifism, or opposition to all war, and disgust with the destruction from the previous war pushed many governments to seek peace at any price examples: refusing to act when Hitler mobilized German army, taking the Sudetenland, etc.

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3. What are the long term causes of WWII? What is the immediate cause?

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Long term: -Anger and resentment build up by Germans because of Treaty of Versailles -MAIN causes: militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism Short term: Germany invades Poland on September 1, 1939

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Which action best represents the policy of appeasement followed by Britain and France prior to the start of World War II? A. allowing Hitler to annex the Sudetenland as part of the Munich Agreement B. signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact binding Hitler and Stalin to peaceful relations C. sending troops to fight with the Liberals during the Spanish Civil War D. forbidding the sale of arms to any nation at war

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A

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How did World War I contribute to the events leading up to World War II? A. Germans wanted to expand their nation to regain territory in the Soviet Union. B. Britain and France wanted to force Germany to make reparation payments. C. Germans hated the Versailles Treaty and supported Hitler's actions to defy it. D. The Soviet Union wanted to take over German territory in Eastern Europe.

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C

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Which of the following was a result of Germany's involvement in the Spanish Civil War? A. Spain joined the Axis powers. B. Republican forces won the civil war. C. Western democracies took action to oppose Nazi aggression. D. Germany was able to test out the capabilities of its weapons.

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D

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How did the Munich Pact affect Europe? A. It created an alliance between Germany and Russia. B. It further encouraged Hitler's aggressive policies. C. It successfully appeased Hitler. D. It gave Hitler permission to rebuild the German military.

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B

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Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland? A. They realized the policy of appeasement failed. B. They wanted to destroy Germany's military buildup. C. They wanted to spread democracy. D. They wanted to oppose the Nazi-Soviet Pact.

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A

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Germany's rapid success in the first months of the war was largely due to the A. use of the blitzkrieg, which caught countries unprepared. B. continuing appeasement policy of Britain and France. C. support of the League of Nations. D. superiority of German naval forces.

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A

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Why did France surrender to Germany? A. France was unable to fund its war effort. B. The French people favored Hitler. C. France was overrun by German and Italian forces. D. France did not receive military support from Britain.

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C

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Which of the following was an effect of British resistance to Germany? A. It forced Hitler to surrender and ended fighting in Western Europe. B. It caused the United States and the Soviet Union to declare war on Germany. C. It persuaded other nations in Europe to rise up against Hitler. D. It saved Britain from a German invasion.

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D

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What was an immediate effect of the Lend-Lease Act? A. Western Europe recovered from the damage caused by World War II. B. The United States provided critical aid to Great Britain and the Soviet Union. C. The Soviet Union declared war on Germany. D. Japan declared war against the United States.

answer

B

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Why did Japan attack the United States? A. The United States was interfering with Japan's plan to expand its empire. B. The United States was threatening to bomb the Japanese mainland. C. Japan wanted to gain control of Hawaii. D. The United States had sent troops to Southeast Asia to support Britain

answer

A

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