World History: Module 4 Flashcards
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pandemic
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the global spread of a disease
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developed nations
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nations that have established and successful industries, technologies, and infrastructure to support a relatively high standard of living for citizens
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developing nations
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nations that are starting to build the infrastructure and industries needed to raise citizens' standard of living
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sanitation
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the provision of clean water and adequate sewer systems to residents, usually of a town or city, which greatly improves their health and longevity
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epidemic
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the spread of a disease widely within a bounded locality or region
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Bubonic Plague
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a virulent disease, originally of rodents and carried by fleas, that is caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) and is characterized by the development of large swellings on the body, which turn black before the infected person dies
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Black Death
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the rampant spread of the bubonic plague that swept Europe from around 1348 and killed about 50% of the population
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Buboes
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an inflammatory swelling of a lymphatic gland, especially in the groin or armpit
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Pneumonic plague
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a type of plague which mutated from bubonic plague that afflicts humans; it does not cause buboes to form but instead infects the lungs; death from pneumonic plague may ensue within hours of the first symptoms appearing
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The Great or Western Schism 1378-1417
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a period of time in which two men claimed to be the pope; one was in Avignon, France and the other in Rome, Italy
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Penance
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contrition; acts that show that you are truly sorry for the sins you have committed
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Flagellants
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Medieval Christians who sought to repent of their sins and thus curb the plague by going from town to town while whipping themselves until they bled; flagellants believed that if they, and those who saw them mortifying their flesh, repented of their sins, the plague sent by God would disappear
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Danse Macabre
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\"The Dance of Death\" paintings that were prompted by the Black Plague; the paintings showed \"death\" leading people to their grave
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The Decameron
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a book of stories written between 1348 and 1358 by Boccaccio
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Climate Changes
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a significant shift in the climate, either global or regional, usually caused by alterations in air or ocean currents
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Great Famine, 1315-1317
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an era during which unceasing, torrential rains caused crops to rot in the fields, leaving almost no food for animals or people; millions died of starvation
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Hundred Years War
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conflict between England and France during the years of 1337-1453 CE.
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Renaissance
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a time of transition in Europe between the medieval and modern era, from the 14th to the 17th century, marked by a revival of art, sciences, and classical thinking
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The Republic of Venice
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City in Italy- was a very powerful trading state. It's position on the water was a very strategic position to be in as it attempted to profit from trade in the Mediterranean.
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Grandi
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a ruling social class made up of former members of the nobility
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Popolo
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a social class made up of regular citizens
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Commune
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a medieval town or community
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Doge
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the chief magistrate in the Republic of Venice
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Mercenaries
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professional soldiers hired to serve in a foreign army
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Humanism
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a system of thought that gives the most importance to human rather than divine matters
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Vernacular
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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
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Patrons
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people who gave financial or other types of support to artists during the Renaissance
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Chiaroscuro
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an artistic effect used in painting, contrasting light and shade
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Perspective
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the art of drawing in two dimensions in a way that gives the impression of three dimensions
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Fresco
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a painting created by using watercolors on fresh plaster, so that the color becomes part of the plaster as it dries
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de Medici
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a ruling family in the city-state of Florence, known for their patronage of the arts
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Flemish
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a word used to describe people or art originating from Flanders, a region in northwest Europe, where the present-day Belgium, Netherlands, and France are located
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heresy
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belief or opinion that goes against orthodox religious teachings
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Masonry
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the craft of stonework or brickwork
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Concentric
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circles or other shapes that share the same center, often with the larger shape surrounding the smaller shape
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Moveable Type
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a system of printing in which small pieces of metal are created to represent each character (i.e. letters, punctuation marks, etc.); these metal pieces can be rearranged and reproduced as needed, making the printing process more efficient
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Renaissance Man
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a person with many talents and interests, especially in the humanities
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Reformation
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the Protestant reform movement that split the Roman Catholic Church
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Protestants
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the leaders and followers of the effort within Europe to reform the Roman Catholic Church, starting in the 1500s
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Counter Reformation
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the Roman Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation
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Transubstantiation
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the changing of the elements of the bread and wine, into the body and blood of Christ during a mass (a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church)
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Heretic
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someone who departs from orthodox Church doctrine
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Simony
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the sale of Church offices
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Indulgences
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special grants that released Catholics from the obligation to pray or perform good works as penance for their sins
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Purgatory
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a spiritual region located between Heaven and Hell where sinners were destined to spend some time after death
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95 Theses
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statements critical of the church, nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517
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excommunicate
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to expel from the Church
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predestination
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doctrine associated with John Calvin, whereby God has chosen in advance those who are eligible for eternal salvation
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Puritans
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English followers of John Calvin whose strict code of discipline led them to dissent from the Anglican Church
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Anabaptist
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Protestant sect that believed in adult baptism
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Presbyterian
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of, relating to, or denoting a Christian Church or denomination governed by elders according to Presbyterianism
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annulment
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official cancellation of a marriage
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Anglicans
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Protestant members of the Established Church of England
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Council of Trent
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ecumenical (or general) council called by the Roman Catholic Church in 1545 to formulate a response to the Protestant Reformation in Europe
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Seminaries
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an educational institution that prepares students to be church leaders
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Jesuits
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priests who belong to the Society of Jesus, a special order of Catholic clergy founded by Ignatius of Loyola in the 1500s
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Inquisition
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an institution of the Catholic Church focused on identifying and punishing heresy
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Huguenots
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French Protestants
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Basque
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an autonomous region in northwest Spain, extending across the French border and/or people from this region.
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Thirty Years War
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a European war of 1618-48 that broke out between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and some of his German Protestant states and developed into a struggle for continental hegemony with France, Sweden, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire as the major protagonists; it was ended by the Peace of Westphalia
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major effects of the Peace of Westphalia
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each leader had the right to decide the official religion of their country Christians practicing religions other than the official religion of their country had the right to practice their own religion leaders had exclusive authority within their own country and over their own people, and were responsible for the actions of any of their citizens abroad
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Mercantilism
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Mercantilism is the idea that the more gold or silver a nation has, the more powerful the nation
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Reasons for Exploration
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Desire to spread Christianity, Improved technology of sea worthy ships, need for more resources and desire for wealth in the form of gold and silver
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Lateen
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a three-sided sail that was far more maneuverable and adaptable than a square sail; used in caravels and carracks
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Caravel
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a type of seagoing vessel with triangular sails and a slender bow
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Carrack
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a three- or four-masted sailing ship developed in 15th century Western Europe for use in the Atlantic Ocean
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Magnetic Compass
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a compass that has a magnetized needle that points toward Earth' s magnetic north; used by sailor to determine direction
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Astrolabe
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a navigational device used by sailors to determine their position relative to celestial bodies and the horizon
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Siberia
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extensive area was annexed by Russia in stages during the 16th and 17th centuries; it is considered an undesirable location due to harsh weather conditions
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers
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Bartolomeu Dias
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Portuguese explorer who discovered the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa
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Vasco da Gama
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Portuguese explorer who discovered a sea route to India around Africa
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese explorer who sailed from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean via the southern tip of South America
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Hernán Cortés
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Spanish explorer and conqueror who conquered the Aztec Empire and established a Spanish colony in Meso America during the early 1500s
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Christopher Columbus
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Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed for Spain. He was the first European since the Vikings to visit the Americas. Columbus made four voyages; his most famous was the first in 1492. The other three took place in 1493, 1498, and 1502. He was looking for a trade route to China
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Garrison
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the troops stationed in a fortress or town to defend it
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Francisco Pizarro
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Spanish explorer and conqueror who conquered the Inca Empire and established a Spanish colony in South America in the early 1500s
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Samuel de Champlain
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French explorer who established the colony of Quebec in the early 1600
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Jamestown
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early English colony in present-day Virginia
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The Columbian Exchange
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enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, food, human population, diseases and ideas; one of the most significant events in the history of world ecology, agriculture and culture between America, Asia, Europe, and Africa.
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Encomienda system
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a labor system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas
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Concessions
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grants of land or property especially by a government in return for services or for a particular use
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Atlantic Slave Trade
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the forced movement of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas for profit; it last from the early 1500s to the mid-1800s
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Triangular Trade
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Atlantic slave trade that had triangular routes
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Involuntary Migrations
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the forced movement of people
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Voluntary Migration
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the movement of people, which involves people who freely choose to move
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the Middle Passage
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the route taken in the triangular slave trade from West African to the Caribbean, which involved the abusive transport of enslaved Africans
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Human trafficking
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slave trading
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Olaudah Equiano
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An African who was kidnapped and forced into slavery in about 1756. As an adult, he was able to purchase his own freedom. In 1789, he published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. This work describes the brutal conditions of slavery and the slave trade.
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Bartolome de las Casas
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a Spanish missionary who traveled to the New World in the early 16th century as a missionary. He was horrified by what he saw: the brutal treatment, enslavement, and murder of native people. He wrote several essays and a book. For this work, he became known as \"Apostle to the Indians.\"
