World History Chapter 23 – Flashcards

question
The nation whose nineteenth century unification upset the balance of power in Europe was
answer
Germany
question
In 1908 and again in 1913, wars broke out in
answer
The Balkans
question
Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a
answer
large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans.
question
Bosnian activist working for a Serbian terrorist organization with an aim for
answer
a pan-Slavic kingdom
question
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on
answer
June 28, 1914, in the city of Sarajevo.
question
Austria-Hungary sought German support for
answer
fear of Russia's alliance with Serbia.
question
The nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made up the
answer
Triple Alliance
question
The architect of the Triple Alliance was
answer
Bismark
question
Germany's Schlieffen Plan envisioned a rapid invasion of
answer
France
question
Because Russia and France had a military alliance since 1894,
answer
General Alfred von Schlieffen devised a two-front military plan on both countries
question
The nation whose neutrality was violated by the Germans in 1914 was
answer
Belgium
question
The nations of Russia, Great Britain, and France made up the
answer
Triple Entente
question
At the beginning, most observers and participants assumed that
answer
World War I would be over in a few weeks
question
In the west, the Germans were defeated in September, 1914, at the
answer
First Battle of the Marne.
question
"No man's land" had:
answer
~barbed wire. ~rats. ~machine guns. ~poison gas.
question
The military symbol of World War I was
answer
The Trench
question
Alfred von Zimmerman promised Mexico
answer
a return of her lost lands in the American Southwest if it attacked the United States.
question
The nation that joined Germany and Austria-Hungary after World War I began was the
answer
Ottoman Empire
question
????**** In order to avoid the carnage of trench warfare in the West and to open second front in the Balkans,
answer
In 1915 the British landed forces at Gallipoli
question
In the Middle East, Lawrence of Arabia incited Arab princes against
answer
Ottoman
question
Allies seize German colonies in Africa --
answer
~Togoland ~Cameroons ~SW Africa ~German East Africa
question
Chinese and Indochinese were used to work in
answer
European factories as laborers.
question
Japan took German territories in
answer
~China ~Marshall ~Mariana ~Caroline Islands
question
World War I resulted in
answer
Increased decentralization of society
question
In Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation, With great demands for men and material,
answer
governments extended their powers
question
In World War 1,
answer
Drafted tens of millions of young men
question
Free market systems shelved so governments could test
answer
price, wage, and rent controls
question
DORA was a British law which allowed
answer
newspapers to be censored and dissenters arrested.
question
Women during World War 1:
answer
~Took over male jobs and responsibilities, even chimney sweeps and truck drivers. ~Wages increased but never equaled men's. ~Jobs not secure. ~Wages were lowered.
question
Women
answer
took jobs, had apartments, smoked in public, wore shorter dresses, adopted radical hairstyles.
question
The March 1917 revolution in Russia led to the abdication of
answer
Nicholas II
question
Government faced soviets, or councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies, who sprang up in
answer
army units, factory towns, and rural areas
question
Soviets were from the
answer
lower classes with radical interests and largely groups of socialists, including Bolsheviks.
question
****The term "bolshevik" in Russia means
answer
Majority
question
****Bolsheviks promised masses:
answer
~redistribution of *land to peasants*, transfer of factories ~industries from *capitalists to workers* ~*relegation of government power* from Provisional Government to soviets.
question
Rivalries over colonies and trade intensified during a frenzied imperialist expansion, while the....
answer
Division of Europe's great powers into two loose alliances (with Germany, Austria, Italy /// France, Great Britain, and Russia)
question
Consequences of nationalism the 19th century:
answer
~Not all ethnic groups had achieved the *goal of nationhood* ~*Socialist labor movements had grown more powerful *and were increasingly inclined to use strikes, even violent ones, to achieve their goals
question
Russian army (largest army) number: Germany and Britain (second) number:
answer
~1.3 million ~900,000 each
question
As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who
answer
drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war
question
Fearful that changing these plans would cause chaos in the armed forces, military leaders insisted that
answer
The plans could not be altered
question
Many Europeans perceived the inherent dangers in this combinations of Serbian ambition bolstered by Russian hatred of Austria and the Austrian conviction that Serbia's success would mean
answer
the end of the empire
question
Germany quickly responded with an ultimatum that the Russians must...
answer
Halt their mobilization within 12 hours
question
When the Russian rejected, the Germans
answer
declared war with them (August 1)
question
On August 4,
answer
Britain declared war on Germany over this violation of Belgian neutrality but in fact over the British desire to maintain world power
question
In August 1914, almost everyone believed that the war
answer
would be over in a few weeks
question
The Schlieffen Plan failed because
answer
Germans needed a strong right flank in France, but it was in Russia
question
At the beginning of the war, the Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at
answer
The Battles of Tannenberg on August 30 and the Masurian Lakes on September 15
question
The Austrians had been defeated by the
answer
Russians in Galicia and thrown out of Serbia as well
question
The Italians betrayed the Germans and Austrians by
answer
Joining the Allies
question
Battlefields were hellish landscapes of
answer
~Barbed wire ~Shell holes ~Mud ~Injured and dying men
question
Thousands of Allied troops were eventually sent to different parts of Russia in the hope to...
answer
bring them back into war
question
Although the Allied Powers had intervened initially in Russia to encourage the Russians to remain in war,
answer
The end of the war on November 11, 1918, had made that purpose inconsequential
question
XX Wilson's proposals for a truly just and lasting peace included
answer
~"*open covenants peace*, openly arrived at" ~*reduction of national armaments* to a "point consistent with domestic safety" ~"*all well-defined national aspirations* shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction"
question
War Guilt Clause:
answer
declared Germany responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which the Allied governments and their people were subjected as a result of the war
question
German land west and as far as 30 miles east of the Rhine was established as a
answer
demilitarized zone and stripped of all armaments or fortifications to serve as a barrier to any future German military moves westward against France
question
Both the German and Russian empires.... and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
answer
~lost considerable territory in eastern Europe ~disappeared altogether
question
What left left France embittered and alone?
answer
~The weakness of the League of Nations ~The failure of both the U.S. and Great Britain to honor their defensive military alliances with France
question
XXX In April 1921, the Allied Reparations Commissions...
answer
settled on a sum of 132 billion marks, payable in annual payment in 1921
question
A spirit of cooperation was fostered by the foreign ministers of Germany and France,
answer
~Gustav Stresemann ~Aristide Briand
question
Reparations and war debts had severely damaged the
answer
postwar international economy, making the prosperity that did occur between 1924-1929 exceedingly fragile and the dream of returning to the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market economy merely an illusion
question
But the depth of the economic downturn after 1929
answer
fully justifies the Great Depression label
question
The economic crisis had women able to:
answer
~secure low paying jobs as servants ~housecleaners, or laundresses (while many men remained unemploymed, begging on the streets or staying home doing household stuff)
question
The Great Depression increased the attractiveness of
answer
simplistic dictatorial
question
During a 19th month period in 1932 and 1933
answer
6 different cabinets were formed as France faced political chaos
question
In June 1936, a coalition of leftist parties, Communists, Socialists, and Radicals formed a
answer
Popular Front government
question
After the imperial Germany of William II had come to an end in 1918 with Germany's defeat in World War I,
answer
A German democratic state known as the Weimar Republic was established
question
Problem in the Weimar Republic:
answer
~*No outstanding political leaders* ~Germany experience *runaway inflation* in 1922-1923 ~Economic losses increasingly pushed the *middle class to the rightest parties* that were hostile to the republic ~Germany experienced the *Great Depression*
question
During a civil war (Russia),
answer
Lenin had pursued a policy of war communism
question
Lenin and the Communists formally created a new state called the
answer
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
question
XXX What did the USSR do?
answer
~Revived market and a good harvest had brought the famine to an end ~Soviet agriculture production climbed tp 75 percent of its pewar level ~saved the nation from complete economic disaster
question
Lenin's death in 1924 inaugurated a struggle for power among the
answer
7 members of the Politburo, the institution that had become the leading organ of the party
question
The Left Politburo:
answer
~Led by Leon Trotsky ~Wanted to end NEP ~Put nation on path of rapid industralization
question
The Right Politburo:
answer
~Rejected cause of world revolution and wanted to concentrate instead on constructing a socialist state
question
The Great War had served to
answer
break down many traditional middle-class attitudes, especially toward sexuality
question
In the 1920s, women:
answer
~Short skirts ~Short hair ~Use of cosmetics ~Suntanning
question
Dadaism:
answer
Attempted to enshrine the purposeless of life
question
Tristan Tzara, a Romanian-French poet and one of the founders of Dadaism,
answer
expressed the Dadaist contempt for the Western tradition in a lecture in 1922
question
Surrealism:
answer
sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world and found it in the world of the unconscious through the portrayal of fantasies, dreams, and nightmares
question
Salvador Dali:
answer
Became the high priest of Surrealism and in his mature phase became a master of representational Surrealism
question
One example of probing the unconsciousness is written by
answer
The Irish exile James Joyce in Ulysses
question
Hermann Hesse:
answer
his novels reflected the influence of both the psychological theorists of Carl Jung and Eastern religions and focused on the spiritual loneliness of modern human beings
question
For much of the Western world, the best way to find realisty was in the field of
answer
Mass entertainment
question
The appeal of "Peace, Land, and Bread" is associated with the
answer
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
question
XXX Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 giving up
answer
Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic Provinces
question
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk saw Russia losing
answer
one-fourth of its territory and a third of its population
question
****How did the Bolsheviks won?
answer
Leon Trotsky
question
"war communism", "revolutionary terror", Red secret police unleashed Red Terror,
answer
chekka
question
Communist regime transformed Russia into a
answer
bureaucratically centralized state with a single party.
question
The Casualties of War:
answer
~Devastated European civilization. ~8-9 million soldiers dead, 22 million wounded. ~Birthrate declined. ~Lost generation of war veterans. ~Civilians died from war injuries and starvation.
question
_________ Armenians killed, _________ deported with _________ dying on their way to safe haven
answer
~600,000 ~500,000 ~400,000
question
Between 1914 and 1916, the number of Russian soldiers killed was
answer
2,000,000
question
The major nation that refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and thus did not join the League of Nations was the
answer
United States
question
***New nations that emerged in Eastern Europe as a consequence of World War
answer
~Czechoslovakia ~Yugoslavia ~Poland ~Finland
question
The post-war future of the states of Eastern Europe were complicated because of
answer
many ethnic minorities
question
Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with
answer
Germany
question
What happened to Germany in this treaty
answer
~Article 231, War Guilt Clause. (take complete responsibility over the war) ~Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force. ~Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland ~Demilitarized zone on the Rhine.
question
The only nation that did not lose territory in Eastern Europe as a result of World War I was
answer
Poland
question
Germany and Russia lose territory such as:
answer
~Finland ~Latvia ~Estonia ~Lithuania ~Poland ~Czechoslovakia ~Austria ~Hungary
question
As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was
answer
left with a minorities problem.
question
Mandates:
answer
France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine.
question
****Dawes Plan, August 1924.
answer
The U.S. loans money to Germany, Germany gives money to France, France gives money back to the U.S
question
*****Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926
answer
The treaty which outlawed war as an instrument of national policy was the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
question
Along with Germany, the Western nation hit hardest by the Great Depression was the
answer
United States
question
XXX Two events set the stage for the depression:
answer
Problems in *domestic economies* and international *financial crisis*
question
The Great Depression resulted in part from an
answer
international *financial crisis*, begun by the *New York stock market crash.*
question
The financial collapse of Europe resulted from the
answer
Banking collapse of Vienna's Credit-Anstalt
question
Governments relied on:
answer
Balanced *budgets*, lowering of *wages*, and raising *tariffs.*
question
Increased involvement of the government into economics:
answer
Renewed interest in Marxist principles.
question
John Maynard Keynes argued that
answer
governments should resort to deficit spending in times of depression.
question
The German mark became largely worthless as the result of
answer
of runaway inflation in 1922-1923
question
****The German economy was stabilized in the mid-1920s as a result of the
answer
Dawes Plan, which reduced reparation payments.
question
******The following programs were part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal:
answer
~the National Recovery Administration. ~Social Security. ~the Works Progress Administration. ~the National Labor Relations Act.
question
XXX New Economic Policy (NEP):
answer
~Modified capitalism. ~Lenin's New Economic Policy allowed private industry and commerce to operate at the lower levels of society.
question
Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952):
answer
Started women's rights and social welfare
question
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953):
answer
~Eliminated Leon Trotsky ~By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power
question
**** Art movements in the post-World War I:
answer
~the international style. ~alienation. ~the subconscious. ~abstraction.
question
Arnold Schoenberg was influential in musical composition because of
answer
his use of the twelve-tone system
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question
The nation whose nineteenth century unification upset the balance of power in Europe was
answer
Germany
question
In 1908 and again in 1913, wars broke out in
answer
The Balkans
question
Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a
answer
large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans.
question
Bosnian activist working for a Serbian terrorist organization with an aim for
answer
a pan-Slavic kingdom
question
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on
answer
June 28, 1914, in the city of Sarajevo.
question
Austria-Hungary sought German support for
answer
fear of Russia's alliance with Serbia.
question
The nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made up the
answer
Triple Alliance
question
The architect of the Triple Alliance was
answer
Bismark
question
Germany's Schlieffen Plan envisioned a rapid invasion of
answer
France
question
Because Russia and France had a military alliance since 1894,
answer
General Alfred von Schlieffen devised a two-front military plan on both countries
question
The nation whose neutrality was violated by the Germans in 1914 was
answer
Belgium
question
The nations of Russia, Great Britain, and France made up the
answer
Triple Entente
question
At the beginning, most observers and participants assumed that
answer
World War I would be over in a few weeks
question
In the west, the Germans were defeated in September, 1914, at the
answer
First Battle of the Marne.
question
"No man's land" had:
answer
~barbed wire. ~rats. ~machine guns. ~poison gas.
question
The military symbol of World War I was
answer
The Trench
question
Alfred von Zimmerman promised Mexico
answer
a return of her lost lands in the American Southwest if it attacked the United States.
question
The nation that joined Germany and Austria-Hungary after World War I began was the
answer
Ottoman Empire
question
????**** In order to avoid the carnage of trench warfare in the West and to open second front in the Balkans,
answer
In 1915 the British landed forces at Gallipoli
question
In the Middle East, Lawrence of Arabia incited Arab princes against
answer
Ottoman
question
Allies seize German colonies in Africa --
answer
~Togoland ~Cameroons ~SW Africa ~German East Africa
question
Chinese and Indochinese were used to work in
answer
European factories as laborers.
question
Japan took German territories in
answer
~China ~Marshall ~Mariana ~Caroline Islands
question
World War I resulted in
answer
Increased decentralization of society
question
In Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation, With great demands for men and material,
answer
governments extended their powers
question
In World War 1,
answer
Drafted tens of millions of young men
question
Free market systems shelved so governments could test
answer
price, wage, and rent controls
question
DORA was a British law which allowed
answer
newspapers to be censored and dissenters arrested.
question
Women during World War 1:
answer
~Took over male jobs and responsibilities, even chimney sweeps and truck drivers. ~Wages increased but never equaled men's. ~Jobs not secure. ~Wages were lowered.
question
Women
answer
took jobs, had apartments, smoked in public, wore shorter dresses, adopted radical hairstyles.
question
The March 1917 revolution in Russia led to the abdication of
answer
Nicholas II
question
Government faced soviets, or councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies, who sprang up in
answer
army units, factory towns, and rural areas
question
Soviets were from the
answer
lower classes with radical interests and largely groups of socialists, including Bolsheviks.
question
****The term "bolshevik" in Russia means
answer
Majority
question
****Bolsheviks promised masses:
answer
~redistribution of *land to peasants*, transfer of factories ~industries from *capitalists to workers* ~*relegation of government power* from Provisional Government to soviets.
question
Rivalries over colonies and trade intensified during a frenzied imperialist expansion, while the....
answer
Division of Europe's great powers into two loose alliances (with Germany, Austria, Italy /// France, Great Britain, and Russia)
question
Consequences of nationalism the 19th century:
answer
~Not all ethnic groups had achieved the *goal of nationhood* ~*Socialist labor movements had grown more powerful *and were increasingly inclined to use strikes, even violent ones, to achieve their goals
question
Russian army (largest army) number: Germany and Britain (second) number:
answer
~1.3 million ~900,000 each
question
As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who
answer
drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war
question
Fearful that changing these plans would cause chaos in the armed forces, military leaders insisted that
answer
The plans could not be altered
question
Many Europeans perceived the inherent dangers in this combinations of Serbian ambition bolstered by Russian hatred of Austria and the Austrian conviction that Serbia's success would mean
answer
the end of the empire
question
Germany quickly responded with an ultimatum that the Russians must...
answer
Halt their mobilization within 12 hours
question
When the Russian rejected, the Germans
answer
declared war with them (August 1)
question
On August 4,
answer
Britain declared war on Germany over this violation of Belgian neutrality but in fact over the British desire to maintain world power
question
In August 1914, almost everyone believed that the war
answer
would be over in a few weeks
question
The Schlieffen Plan failed because
answer
Germans needed a strong right flank in France, but it was in Russia
question
At the beginning of the war, the Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at
answer
The Battles of Tannenberg on August 30 and the Masurian Lakes on September 15
question
The Austrians had been defeated by the
answer
Russians in Galicia and thrown out of Serbia as well
question
The Italians betrayed the Germans and Austrians by
answer
Joining the Allies
question
Battlefields were hellish landscapes of
answer
~Barbed wire ~Shell holes ~Mud ~Injured and dying men
question
Thousands of Allied troops were eventually sent to different parts of Russia in the hope to...
answer
bring them back into war
question
Although the Allied Powers had intervened initially in Russia to encourage the Russians to remain in war,
answer
The end of the war on November 11, 1918, had made that purpose inconsequential
question
XX Wilson's proposals for a truly just and lasting peace included
answer
~"*open covenants peace*, openly arrived at" ~*reduction of national armaments* to a "point consistent with domestic safety" ~"*all well-defined national aspirations* shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction"
question
War Guilt Clause:
answer
declared Germany responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which the Allied governments and their people were subjected as a result of the war
question
German land west and as far as 30 miles east of the Rhine was established as a
answer
demilitarized zone and stripped of all armaments or fortifications to serve as a barrier to any future German military moves westward against France
question
Both the German and Russian empires.... and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
answer
~lost considerable territory in eastern Europe ~disappeared altogether
question
What left left France embittered and alone?
answer
~The weakness of the League of Nations ~The failure of both the U.S. and Great Britain to honor their defensive military alliances with France
question
XXX In April 1921, the Allied Reparations Commissions...
answer
settled on a sum of 132 billion marks, payable in annual payment in 1921
question
A spirit of cooperation was fostered by the foreign ministers of Germany and France,
answer
~Gustav Stresemann ~Aristide Briand
question
Reparations and war debts had severely damaged the
answer
postwar international economy, making the prosperity that did occur between 1924-1929 exceedingly fragile and the dream of returning to the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market economy merely an illusion
question
But the depth of the economic downturn after 1929
answer
fully justifies the Great Depression label
question
The economic crisis had women able to:
answer
~secure low paying jobs as servants ~housecleaners, or laundresses (while many men remained unemploymed, begging on the streets or staying home doing household stuff)
question
The Great Depression increased the attractiveness of
answer
simplistic dictatorial
question
During a 19th month period in 1932 and 1933
answer
6 different cabinets were formed as France faced political chaos
question
In June 1936, a coalition of leftist parties, Communists, Socialists, and Radicals formed a
answer
Popular Front government
question
After the imperial Germany of William II had come to an end in 1918 with Germany's defeat in World War I,
answer
A German democratic state known as the Weimar Republic was established
question
Problem in the Weimar Republic:
answer
~*No outstanding political leaders* ~Germany experience *runaway inflation* in 1922-1923 ~Economic losses increasingly pushed the *middle class to the rightest parties* that were hostile to the republic ~Germany experienced the *Great Depression*
question
During a civil war (Russia),
answer
Lenin had pursued a policy of war communism
question
Lenin and the Communists formally created a new state called the
answer
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
question
XXX What did the USSR do?
answer
~Revived market and a good harvest had brought the famine to an end ~Soviet agriculture production climbed tp 75 percent of its pewar level ~saved the nation from complete economic disaster
question
Lenin's death in 1924 inaugurated a struggle for power among the
answer
7 members of the Politburo, the institution that had become the leading organ of the party
question
The Left Politburo:
answer
~Led by Leon Trotsky ~Wanted to end NEP ~Put nation on path of rapid industralization
question
The Right Politburo:
answer
~Rejected cause of world revolution and wanted to concentrate instead on constructing a socialist state
question
The Great War had served to
answer
break down many traditional middle-class attitudes, especially toward sexuality
question
In the 1920s, women:
answer
~Short skirts ~Short hair ~Use of cosmetics ~Suntanning
question
Dadaism:
answer
Attempted to enshrine the purposeless of life
question
Tristan Tzara, a Romanian-French poet and one of the founders of Dadaism,
answer
expressed the Dadaist contempt for the Western tradition in a lecture in 1922
question
Surrealism:
answer
sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world and found it in the world of the unconscious through the portrayal of fantasies, dreams, and nightmares
question
Salvador Dali:
answer
Became the high priest of Surrealism and in his mature phase became a master of representational Surrealism
question
One example of probing the unconsciousness is written by
answer
The Irish exile James Joyce in Ulysses
question
Hermann Hesse:
answer
his novels reflected the influence of both the psychological theorists of Carl Jung and Eastern religions and focused on the spiritual loneliness of modern human beings
question
For much of the Western world, the best way to find realisty was in the field of
answer
Mass entertainment
question
The appeal of "Peace, Land, and Bread" is associated with the
answer
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
question
XXX Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 giving up
answer
Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic Provinces
question
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk saw Russia losing
answer
one-fourth of its territory and a third of its population
question
****How did the Bolsheviks won?
answer
Leon Trotsky
question
"war communism", "revolutionary terror", Red secret police unleashed Red Terror,
answer
chekka
question
Communist regime transformed Russia into a
answer
bureaucratically centralized state with a single party.
question
The Casualties of War:
answer
~Devastated European civilization. ~8-9 million soldiers dead, 22 million wounded. ~Birthrate declined. ~Lost generation of war veterans. ~Civilians died from war injuries and starvation.
question
_________ Armenians killed, _________ deported with _________ dying on their way to safe haven
answer
~600,000 ~500,000 ~400,000
question
Between 1914 and 1916, the number of Russian soldiers killed was
answer
2,000,000
question
The major nation that refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and thus did not join the League of Nations was the
answer
United States
question
***New nations that emerged in Eastern Europe as a consequence of World War
answer
~Czechoslovakia ~Yugoslavia ~Poland ~Finland
question
The post-war future of the states of Eastern Europe were complicated because of
answer
many ethnic minorities
question
Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with
answer
Germany
question
What happened to Germany in this treaty
answer
~Article 231, War Guilt Clause. (take complete responsibility over the war) ~Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force. ~Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland ~Demilitarized zone on the Rhine.
question
The only nation that did not lose territory in Eastern Europe as a result of World War I was
answer
Poland
question
Germany and Russia lose territory such as:
answer
~Finland ~Latvia ~Estonia ~Lithuania ~Poland ~Czechoslovakia ~Austria ~Hungary
question
As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was
answer
left with a minorities problem.
question
Mandates:
answer
France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine.
question
****Dawes Plan, August 1924.
answer
The U.S. loans money to Germany, Germany gives money to France, France gives money back to the U.S
question
*****Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926
answer
The treaty which outlawed war as an instrument of national policy was the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
question
Along with Germany, the Western nation hit hardest by the Great Depression was the
answer
United States
question
XXX Two events set the stage for the depression:
answer
Problems in *domestic economies* and international *financial crisis*
question
The Great Depression resulted in part from an
answer
international *financial crisis*, begun by the *New York stock market crash.*
question
The financial collapse of Europe resulted from the
answer
Banking collapse of Vienna's Credit-Anstalt
question
Governments relied on:
answer
Balanced *budgets*, lowering of *wages*, and raising *tariffs.*
question
Increased involvement of the government into economics:
answer
Renewed interest in Marxist principles.
question
John Maynard Keynes argued that
answer
governments should resort to deficit spending in times of depression.
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The German mark became largely worthless as the result of
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of runaway inflation in 1922-1923
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****The German economy was stabilized in the mid-1920s as a result of the
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Dawes Plan, which reduced reparation payments.
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******The following programs were part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal:
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~the National Recovery Administration. ~Social Security. ~the Works Progress Administration. ~the National Labor Relations Act.
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XXX New Economic Policy (NEP):
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~Modified capitalism. ~Lenin's New Economic Policy allowed private industry and commerce to operate at the lower levels of society.
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Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952):
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Started women's rights and social welfare
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Joseph Stalin (1879-1953):
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~Eliminated Leon Trotsky ~By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power
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**** Art movements in the post-World War I:
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~the international style. ~alienation. ~the subconscious. ~abstraction.
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Arnold Schoenberg was influential in musical composition because of
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his use of the twelve-tone system
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