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The nation whose nineteenth century unification upset the balance of power in Europe was

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Germany

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In 1908 and again in 1913, wars broke out in

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The Balkans

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Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a

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large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans.

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Bosnian activist working for a Serbian terrorist organization with an aim for

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a pan-Slavic kingdom

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Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on

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June 28, 1914, in the city of Sarajevo.

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Austria-Hungary sought German support for

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fear of Russia's alliance with Serbia.

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The nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made up the

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Triple Alliance

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The architect of the Triple Alliance was

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Bismark

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Germany's Schlieffen Plan envisioned a rapid invasion of

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France

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Because Russia and France had a military alliance since 1894,

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General Alfred von Schlieffen devised a two-front military plan on both countries

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The nation whose neutrality was violated by the Germans in 1914 was

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Belgium

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The nations of Russia, Great Britain, and France made up the

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Triple Entente

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At the beginning, most observers and participants assumed that

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World War I would be over in a few weeks

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In the west, the Germans were defeated in September, 1914, at the

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First Battle of the Marne.

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"No man's land" had:

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~barbed wire. ~rats. ~machine guns. ~poison gas.

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The military symbol of World War I was

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The Trench

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Alfred von Zimmerman promised Mexico

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a return of her lost lands in the American Southwest if it attacked the United States.

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The nation that joined Germany and Austria-Hungary after World War I began was the

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Ottoman Empire

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????**** In order to avoid the carnage of trench warfare in the West and to open second front in the Balkans,

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In 1915 the British landed forces at Gallipoli

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In the Middle East, Lawrence of Arabia incited Arab princes against

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Ottoman

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Allies seize German colonies in Africa --

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~Togoland ~Cameroons ~SW Africa ~German East Africa

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Chinese and Indochinese were used to work in

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European factories as laborers.

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Japan took German territories in

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~China ~Marshall ~Mariana ~Caroline Islands

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World War I resulted in

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Increased decentralization of society

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In Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation, With great demands for men and material,

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governments extended their powers

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In World War 1,

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Drafted tens of millions of young men

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Free market systems shelved so governments could test

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price, wage, and rent controls

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DORA was a British law which allowed

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newspapers to be censored and dissenters arrested.

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Women during World War 1:

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~Took over male jobs and responsibilities, even chimney sweeps and truck drivers. ~Wages increased but never equaled men's. ~Jobs not secure. ~Wages were lowered.

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Women

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took jobs, had apartments, smoked in public, wore shorter dresses, adopted radical hairstyles.

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The March 1917 revolution in Russia led to the abdication of

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Nicholas II

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Government faced soviets, or councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies, who sprang up in

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army units, factory towns, and rural areas

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Soviets were from the

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lower classes with radical interests and largely groups of socialists, including Bolsheviks.

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****The term "bolshevik" in Russia means

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Majority

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****Bolsheviks promised masses:

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~redistribution of *land to peasants*, transfer of factories ~industries from *capitalists to workers* ~*relegation of government power* from Provisional Government to soviets.

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Rivalries over colonies and trade intensified during a frenzied imperialist expansion, while the....

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Division of Europe's great powers into two loose alliances (with Germany, Austria, Italy /// France, Great Britain, and Russia)

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Consequences of nationalism the 19th century:

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~Not all ethnic groups had achieved the *goal of nationhood* ~*Socialist labor movements had grown more powerful *and were increasingly inclined to use strikes, even violent ones, to achieve their goals

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Russian army (largest army) number: Germany and Britain (second) number:

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~1.3 million ~900,000 each

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As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who

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drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war

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Fearful that changing these plans would cause chaos in the armed forces, military leaders insisted that

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The plans could not be altered

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Many Europeans perceived the inherent dangers in this combinations of Serbian ambition bolstered by Russian hatred of Austria and the Austrian conviction that Serbia's success would mean

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the end of the empire

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Germany quickly responded with an ultimatum that the Russians must...

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Halt their mobilization within 12 hours

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When the Russian rejected, the Germans

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declared war with them (August 1)

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On August 4,

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Britain declared war on Germany over this violation of Belgian neutrality but in fact over the British desire to maintain world power

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In August 1914, almost everyone believed that the war

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would be over in a few weeks

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The Schlieffen Plan failed because

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Germans needed a strong right flank in France, but it was in Russia

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At the beginning of the war, the Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at

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The Battles of Tannenberg on August 30 and the Masurian Lakes on September 15

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The Austrians had been defeated by the

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Russians in Galicia and thrown out of Serbia as well

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The Italians betrayed the Germans and Austrians by

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Joining the Allies

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Battlefields were hellish landscapes of

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~Barbed wire ~Shell holes ~Mud ~Injured and dying men

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Thousands of Allied troops were eventually sent to different parts of Russia in the hope to...

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bring them back into war

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Although the Allied Powers had intervened initially in Russia to encourage the Russians to remain in war,

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The end of the war on November 11, 1918, had made that purpose inconsequential

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XX Wilson's proposals for a truly just and lasting peace included

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~"*open covenants peace*, openly arrived at" ~*reduction of national armaments* to a "point consistent with domestic safety" ~"*all well-defined national aspirations* shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction"

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War Guilt Clause:

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declared Germany responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which the Allied governments and their people were subjected as a result of the war

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German land west and as far as 30 miles east of the Rhine was established as a

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demilitarized zone and stripped of all armaments or fortifications to serve as a barrier to any future German military moves westward against France

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Both the German and Russian empires.... and the Austro-Hungarian Empire

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~lost considerable territory in eastern Europe ~disappeared altogether

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What left left France embittered and alone?

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~The weakness of the League of Nations ~The failure of both the U.S. and Great Britain to honor their defensive military alliances with France

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XXX In April 1921, the Allied Reparations Commissions...

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settled on a sum of 132 billion marks, payable in annual payment in 1921

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A spirit of cooperation was fostered by the foreign ministers of Germany and France,

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~Gustav Stresemann ~Aristide Briand

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Reparations and war debts had severely damaged the

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postwar international economy, making the prosperity that did occur between 1924-1929 exceedingly fragile and the dream of returning to the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market economy merely an illusion

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But the depth of the economic downturn after 1929

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fully justifies the Great Depression label

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The economic crisis had women able to:

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~secure low paying jobs as servants ~housecleaners, or laundresses (while many men remained unemploymed, begging on the streets or staying home doing household stuff)

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The Great Depression increased the attractiveness of

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simplistic dictatorial

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During a 19th month period in 1932 and 1933

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6 different cabinets were formed as France faced political chaos

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In June 1936, a coalition of leftist parties, Communists, Socialists, and Radicals formed a

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Popular Front government

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After the imperial Germany of William II had come to an end in 1918 with Germany's defeat in World War I,

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A German democratic state known as the Weimar Republic was established

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Problem in the Weimar Republic:

answer

~*No outstanding political leaders* ~Germany experience *runaway inflation* in 1922-1923 ~Economic losses increasingly pushed the *middle class to the rightest parties* that were hostile to the republic ~Germany experienced the *Great Depression*

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During a civil war (Russia),

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Lenin had pursued a policy of war communism

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Lenin and the Communists formally created a new state called the

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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

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XXX What did the USSR do?

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~Revived market and a good harvest had brought the famine to an end ~Soviet agriculture production climbed tp 75 percent of its pewar level ~saved the nation from complete economic disaster

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Lenin's death in 1924 inaugurated a struggle for power among the

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7 members of the Politburo, the institution that had become the leading organ of the party

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The Left Politburo:

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~Led by Leon Trotsky ~Wanted to end NEP ~Put nation on path of rapid industralization

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The Right Politburo:

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~Rejected cause of world revolution and wanted to concentrate instead on constructing a socialist state

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The Great War had served to

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break down many traditional middle-class attitudes, especially toward sexuality

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In the 1920s, women:

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~Short skirts ~Short hair ~Use of cosmetics ~Suntanning

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Dadaism:

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Attempted to enshrine the purposeless of life

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Tristan Tzara, a Romanian-French poet and one of the founders of Dadaism,

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expressed the Dadaist contempt for the Western tradition in a lecture in 1922

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Surrealism:

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sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world and found it in the world of the unconscious through the portrayal of fantasies, dreams, and nightmares

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Salvador Dali:

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Became the high priest of Surrealism and in his mature phase became a master of representational Surrealism

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One example of probing the unconsciousness is written by

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The Irish exile James Joyce in Ulysses

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Hermann Hesse:

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his novels reflected the influence of both the psychological theorists of Carl Jung and Eastern religions and focused on the spiritual loneliness of modern human beings

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For much of the Western world, the best way to find realisty was in the field of

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Mass entertainment

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The appeal of "Peace, Land, and Bread" is associated with the

answer

Lenin and the Bolsheviks

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XXX Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 giving up

answer

Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic Provinces

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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk saw Russia losing

answer

one-fourth of its territory and a third of its population

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****How did the Bolsheviks won?

answer

Leon Trotsky

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"war communism", "revolutionary terror", Red secret police unleashed Red Terror,

answer

chekka

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Communist regime transformed Russia into a

answer

bureaucratically centralized state with a single party.

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The Casualties of War:

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~Devastated European civilization. ~8-9 million soldiers dead, 22 million wounded. ~Birthrate declined. ~Lost generation of war veterans. ~Civilians died from war injuries and starvation.

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_________ Armenians killed, _________ deported with _________ dying on their way to safe haven

answer

~600,000 ~500,000 ~400,000

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Between 1914 and 1916, the number of Russian soldiers killed was

answer

2,000,000

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The major nation that refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and thus did not join the League of Nations was the

answer

United States

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***New nations that emerged in Eastern Europe as a consequence of World War

answer

~Czechoslovakia ~Yugoslavia ~Poland ~Finland

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The post-war future of the states of Eastern Europe were complicated because of

answer

many ethnic minorities

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Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with

answer

Germany

question

What happened to Germany in this treaty

answer

~Article 231, War Guilt Clause. (take complete responsibility over the war) ~Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force. ~Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland ~Demilitarized zone on the Rhine.

question

The only nation that did not lose territory in Eastern Europe as a result of World War I was

answer

Poland

question

Germany and Russia lose territory such as:

answer

~Finland ~Latvia ~Estonia ~Lithuania ~Poland ~Czechoslovakia ~Austria ~Hungary

question

As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was

answer

left with a minorities problem.

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Mandates:

answer

France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine.

question

****Dawes Plan, August 1924.

answer

The U.S. loans money to Germany, Germany gives money to France, France gives money back to the U.S

question

*****Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926

answer

The treaty which outlawed war as an instrument of national policy was the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

question

Along with Germany, the Western nation hit hardest by the Great Depression was the

answer

United States

question

XXX Two events set the stage for the depression:

answer

Problems in *domestic economies* and international *financial crisis*

question

The Great Depression resulted in part from an

answer

international *financial crisis*, begun by the *New York stock market crash.*

question

The financial collapse of Europe resulted from the

answer

Banking collapse of Vienna's Credit-Anstalt

question

Governments relied on:

answer

Balanced *budgets*, lowering of *wages*, and raising *tariffs.*

question

Increased involvement of the government into economics:

answer

Renewed interest in Marxist principles.

question

John Maynard Keynes argued that

answer

governments should resort to deficit spending in times of depression.

question

The German mark became largely worthless as the result of

answer

of runaway inflation in 1922-1923

question

****The German economy was stabilized in the mid-1920s as a result of the

answer

Dawes Plan, which reduced reparation payments.

question

******The following programs were part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal:

answer

~the National Recovery Administration. ~Social Security. ~the Works Progress Administration. ~the National Labor Relations Act.

question

XXX New Economic Policy (NEP):

answer

~Modified capitalism. ~Lenin's New Economic Policy allowed private industry and commerce to operate at the lower levels of society.

question

Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952):

answer

Started women's rights and social welfare

question

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953):

answer

~Eliminated Leon Trotsky ~By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power

question

**** Art movements in the post-World War I:

answer

~the international style. ~alienation. ~the subconscious. ~abstraction.

question

Arnold Schoenberg was influential in musical composition because of

answer

his use of the twelve-tone system

World History Chapter 23 – Flashcards

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