World History Chapter 23 – Flashcards
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated on
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June 28, 1914, in the city of Sarajevo.
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Austria-Hungary sought German support for
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fear of Russia's alliance with Serbia.
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The nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made up the
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Triple Alliance
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The architect of the Triple Alliance was
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Bismark
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Germany's Schlieffen Plan envisioned a rapid invasion of
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France
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Because Russia and France had a military alliance since 1894,
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General Alfred von Schlieffen devised a two-front military plan on both countries
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The nation whose neutrality was violated by the Germans in 1914 was
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Belgium
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The nations of Russia, Great Britain, and France made up the
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Triple Entente
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At the beginning, most observers and participants assumed that
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World War I would be over in a few weeks
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In the west, the Germans were defeated in September, 1914, at the
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First Battle of the Marne.
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"No man's land" had:
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~barbed wire. ~rats. ~machine guns. ~poison gas.
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The military symbol of World War I was
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The Trench
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Alfred von Zimmerman promised Mexico
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a return of her lost lands in the American Southwest if it attacked the United States.
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The nation that joined Germany and Austria-Hungary after World War I began was the
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Ottoman Empire
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????**** In order to avoid the carnage of trench warfare in the West and to open second front in the Balkans,
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In 1915 the British landed forces at Gallipoli
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In the Middle East, Lawrence of Arabia incited Arab princes against
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Ottoman
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Allies seize German colonies in Africa --
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~Togoland ~Cameroons ~SW Africa ~German East Africa
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Chinese and Indochinese were used to work in
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European factories as laborers.
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Japan took German territories in
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~China ~Marshall ~Mariana ~Caroline Islands
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World War I resulted in
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Increased decentralization of society
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In Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation, With great demands for men and material,
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governments extended their powers
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In World War 1,
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Drafted tens of millions of young men
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Free market systems shelved so governments could test
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price, wage, and rent controls
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DORA was a British law which allowed
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newspapers to be censored and dissenters arrested.
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Women during World War 1:
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~Took over male jobs and responsibilities, even chimney sweeps and truck drivers. ~Wages increased but never equaled men's. ~Jobs not secure. ~Wages were lowered.
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Women
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took jobs, had apartments, smoked in public, wore shorter dresses, adopted radical hairstyles.
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The March 1917 revolution in Russia led to the abdication of
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Nicholas II
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Government faced soviets, or councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies, who sprang up in
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army units, factory towns, and rural areas
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Soviets were from the
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lower classes with radical interests and largely groups of socialists, including Bolsheviks.
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****The term "bolshevik" in Russia means
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Majority
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****Bolsheviks promised masses:
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~redistribution of *land to peasants*, transfer of factories ~industries from *capitalists to workers* ~*relegation of government power* from Provisional Government to soviets.
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Rivalries over colonies and trade intensified during a frenzied imperialist expansion, while the....
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Division of Europe's great powers into two loose alliances (with Germany, Austria, Italy /// France, Great Britain, and Russia)
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Consequences of nationalism the 19th century:
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~Not all ethnic groups had achieved the *goal of nationhood* ~*Socialist labor movements had grown more powerful *and were increasingly inclined to use strikes, even violent ones, to achieve their goals
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Russian army (largest army) number: Germany and Britain (second) number:
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~1.3 million ~900,000 each
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As armies grew, so did the influence of military leaders, who
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drew up vast and complex plans for quickly mobilizing millions of men and enormous quantities of supplies in the event of war
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Fearful that changing these plans would cause chaos in the armed forces, military leaders insisted that
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The plans could not be altered
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Many Europeans perceived the inherent dangers in this combinations of Serbian ambition bolstered by Russian hatred of Austria and the Austrian conviction that Serbia's success would mean
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the end of the empire
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Germany quickly responded with an ultimatum that the Russians must...
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Halt their mobilization within 12 hours
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When the Russian rejected, the Germans
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declared war with them (August 1)
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On August 4,
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Britain declared war on Germany over this violation of Belgian neutrality but in fact over the British desire to maintain world power
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In August 1914, almost everyone believed that the war
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would be over in a few weeks
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The Schlieffen Plan failed because
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Germans needed a strong right flank in France, but it was in Russia
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At the beginning of the war, the Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at
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The Battles of Tannenberg on August 30 and the Masurian Lakes on September 15
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The Austrians had been defeated by the
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Russians in Galicia and thrown out of Serbia as well
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The Italians betrayed the Germans and Austrians by
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Joining the Allies
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Battlefields were hellish landscapes of
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~Barbed wire ~Shell holes ~Mud ~Injured and dying men
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Thousands of Allied troops were eventually sent to different parts of Russia in the hope to...
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bring them back into war
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Although the Allied Powers had intervened initially in Russia to encourage the Russians to remain in war,
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The end of the war on November 11, 1918, had made that purpose inconsequential
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XX Wilson's proposals for a truly just and lasting peace included
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~"*open covenants peace*, openly arrived at" ~*reduction of national armaments* to a "point consistent with domestic safety" ~"*all well-defined national aspirations* shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction"
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War Guilt Clause:
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declared Germany responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which the Allied governments and their people were subjected as a result of the war
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German land west and as far as 30 miles east of the Rhine was established as a
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demilitarized zone and stripped of all armaments or fortifications to serve as a barrier to any future German military moves westward against France
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Both the German and Russian empires.... and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
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~lost considerable territory in eastern Europe ~disappeared altogether
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What left left France embittered and alone?
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~The weakness of the League of Nations ~The failure of both the U.S. and Great Britain to honor their defensive military alliances with France
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XXX In April 1921, the Allied Reparations Commissions...
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settled on a sum of 132 billion marks, payable in annual payment in 1921
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A spirit of cooperation was fostered by the foreign ministers of Germany and France,
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~Gustav Stresemann ~Aristide Briand
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Reparations and war debts had severely damaged the
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postwar international economy, making the prosperity that did occur between 1924-1929 exceedingly fragile and the dream of returning to the liberal ideal of a self-regulating market economy merely an illusion
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But the depth of the economic downturn after 1929
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fully justifies the Great Depression label
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The economic crisis had women able to:
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~secure low paying jobs as servants ~housecleaners, or laundresses (while many men remained unemploymed, begging on the streets or staying home doing household stuff)
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The Great Depression increased the attractiveness of
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simplistic dictatorial
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During a 19th month period in 1932 and 1933
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6 different cabinets were formed as France faced political chaos
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In June 1936, a coalition of leftist parties, Communists, Socialists, and Radicals formed a
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Popular Front government
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After the imperial Germany of William II had come to an end in 1918 with Germany's defeat in World War I,
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A German democratic state known as the Weimar Republic was established
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Problem in the Weimar Republic:
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~*No outstanding political leaders* ~Germany experience *runaway inflation* in 1922-1923 ~Economic losses increasingly pushed the *middle class to the rightest parties* that were hostile to the republic ~Germany experienced the *Great Depression*
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During a civil war (Russia),
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Lenin had pursued a policy of war communism
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Lenin and the Communists formally created a new state called the
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
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XXX What did the USSR do?
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~Revived market and a good harvest had brought the famine to an end ~Soviet agriculture production climbed tp 75 percent of its pewar level ~saved the nation from complete economic disaster
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Lenin's death in 1924 inaugurated a struggle for power among the
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7 members of the Politburo, the institution that had become the leading organ of the party
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The Left Politburo:
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~Led by Leon Trotsky ~Wanted to end NEP ~Put nation on path of rapid industralization
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The Right Politburo:
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~Rejected cause of world revolution and wanted to concentrate instead on constructing a socialist state
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The Great War had served to
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break down many traditional middle-class attitudes, especially toward sexuality
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In the 1920s, women:
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~Short skirts ~Short hair ~Use of cosmetics ~Suntanning
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Dadaism:
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Attempted to enshrine the purposeless of life
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Tristan Tzara, a Romanian-French poet and one of the founders of Dadaism,
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expressed the Dadaist contempt for the Western tradition in a lecture in 1922
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Surrealism:
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sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world and found it in the world of the unconscious through the portrayal of fantasies, dreams, and nightmares
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Salvador Dali:
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Became the high priest of Surrealism and in his mature phase became a master of representational Surrealism
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One example of probing the unconsciousness is written by
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The Irish exile James Joyce in Ulysses
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Hermann Hesse:
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his novels reflected the influence of both the psychological theorists of Carl Jung and Eastern religions and focused on the spiritual loneliness of modern human beings
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For much of the Western world, the best way to find realisty was in the field of
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Mass entertainment
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The appeal of "Peace, Land, and Bread" is associated with the
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Lenin and the Bolsheviks
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XXX Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 giving up
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Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic Provinces
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk saw Russia losing
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one-fourth of its territory and a third of its population
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****How did the Bolsheviks won?
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Leon Trotsky
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"war communism", "revolutionary terror", Red secret police unleashed Red Terror,
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chekka
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Communist regime transformed Russia into a
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bureaucratically centralized state with a single party.
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The Casualties of War:
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~Devastated European civilization. ~8-9 million soldiers dead, 22 million wounded. ~Birthrate declined. ~Lost generation of war veterans. ~Civilians died from war injuries and starvation.
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_________ Armenians killed, _________ deported with _________ dying on their way to safe haven
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~600,000 ~500,000 ~400,000
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Between 1914 and 1916, the number of Russian soldiers killed was
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2,000,000
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The major nation that refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and thus did not join the League of Nations was the
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United States
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***New nations that emerged in Eastern Europe as a consequence of World War
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~Czechoslovakia ~Yugoslavia ~Poland ~Finland
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The post-war future of the states of Eastern Europe were complicated because of
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many ethnic minorities
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Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with
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Germany
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What happened to Germany in this treaty
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~Article 231, War Guilt Clause. (take complete responsibility over the war) ~Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force. ~Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to Poland ~Demilitarized zone on the Rhine.
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The only nation that did not lose territory in Eastern Europe as a result of World War I was
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Poland
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Germany and Russia lose territory such as:
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~Finland ~Latvia ~Estonia ~Lithuania ~Poland ~Czechoslovakia ~Austria ~Hungary
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As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was
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left with a minorities problem.
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Mandates:
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France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine.
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****Dawes Plan, August 1924.
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The U.S. loans money to Germany, Germany gives money to France, France gives money back to the U.S
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*****Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926
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The treaty which outlawed war as an instrument of national policy was the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
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Along with Germany, the Western nation hit hardest by the Great Depression was the
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United States
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XXX Two events set the stage for the depression:
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Problems in *domestic economies* and international *financial crisis*
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The Great Depression resulted in part from an
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international *financial crisis*, begun by the *New York stock market crash.*
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The financial collapse of Europe resulted from the
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Banking collapse of Vienna's Credit-Anstalt
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Governments relied on:
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Balanced *budgets*, lowering of *wages*, and raising *tariffs.*
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Increased involvement of the government into economics:
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Renewed interest in Marxist principles.
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John Maynard Keynes argued that
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governments should resort to deficit spending in times of depression.
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The German mark became largely worthless as the result of
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of runaway inflation in 1922-1923
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****The German economy was stabilized in the mid-1920s as a result of the
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Dawes Plan, which reduced reparation payments.
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******The following programs were part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal:
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~the National Recovery Administration. ~Social Security. ~the Works Progress Administration. ~the National Labor Relations Act.
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XXX New Economic Policy (NEP):
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~Modified capitalism. ~Lenin's New Economic Policy allowed private industry and commerce to operate at the lower levels of society.
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Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952):
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Started women's rights and social welfare
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Joseph Stalin (1879-1953):
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~Eliminated Leon Trotsky ~By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power
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**** Art movements in the post-World War I:
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~the international style. ~alienation. ~the subconscious. ~abstraction.
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Arnold Schoenberg was influential in musical composition because of
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his use of the twelve-tone system
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