World History Chapter 21 (Sections 1-3) – Flashcards
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What all did Charles V rule from 1520-1566?
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Spain, Spain's American colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, and the Netherlands
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In 1555 what did Charles V agree to sign even though he wasn't for it?
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Peace of Augsburg
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What did Charles V do in 1556?
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Retired to the monastery
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What did his brother Ferdinand get?
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Austria and HRE
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What did his son Philip II?
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Spain, Netherlands, Spanish American colonies
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What happened when the king of Portugal died in 1580?
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Philip II claims the throne
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What fractional part of the gold and silver did the King of Spain claim as his royal share?
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20%-25%
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What did Philip believe he had to defend against Muslims and Protestants?
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Catholicism
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What happened in 1588?
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Spanish armada attacks England
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Who was tube queen of England at the time?
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Elizabeth I
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What was Escorial and describe it?
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Massive walls huge palace for Philip II
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What was el Greco and what was his work like?
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Spanish painter, everyone had long arms and legs, adult faces on children
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What was Velazquez known for painting?
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Portraits of royal families with lots of color
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The publication of what novel is called the birth of the modern European novel?
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Don Quixote de la Mancha
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Who wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha?
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Miguel de Cervantes
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What did he chase and what did he think they were?
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Windmills, he thought they were giants
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What was one problem caused by Spain acquiring so much gold? I
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inflation
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Who did Spain's tax burden fall on?
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The lower class
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Why did Spain never develop a middle class?
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The tax burden prevented accumulating enough wealth to start their own business
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Why did Spain buy many goods like cloth from other countries?
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It was cheaper
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What caused the Netherlands to divide?
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Religion
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Which was catholic which was protestant?
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Spanish Netherlands and united Netherlands
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In what two ways was the united provinces of the Netherlands different from other European states of the time?
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Very liberal also had a republic where they were elected officials
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What is a republic?
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You elect government officials
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Where was the new center for art?
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Netherlands
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Who was the greatest Dutch artist of the period?
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Rembrandt Van Rijn
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Who replaced the Italians as "bankers of Europe"?
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Dutch
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What was an absolute monarch?
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He had no higher authority.
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What was the divine right?
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Idea that god created certain people to rule
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Where did European monarchs get the money to pay for their ambitions?
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Wealth of colonies
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Why did the middle class support the monarchs?
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Opportunity for business, monarchs kept good rule
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How did the church affect the power of the monarchs?
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Made monarchs more powerful
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Describe an absolute ruler-
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regulated everything
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Who was the most famous absolute ruler?
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Louis XIV
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What French king died in 1559?
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Henry II
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Although he left 4 sons who was the real power behind the throne?
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Catherine de Medici
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Who was fighting France in the late 1500's?
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Catholics and Protestants
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What was the St Bartholomew day massacre?
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Nation wide slaughter of Huguenots
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Who did Catharine's daughter marry?
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Henry of Navarre
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Who was he descended from?
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Louis IX
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When Catherine died and her last son died who became king?
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Henry IV
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What dynasty was he the first of?
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Bourbons
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What religion was Henry IV?
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Protestant he converted to Catholicism
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How did he explain his conversion?
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Paris is well worth the mass
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What was the edict of Nantes?
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Religious tolerance
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How and why did Henry IV die?
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He was stabbed
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When Henry IV died who took the throne?
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Louis XIII
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Since loyal was weak what did he do to help him rule?
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Appointed a really strong minister and appointed cardinals
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What 2 things did Richelieu do to increase the power of the bourbon dynasty?
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Forbid the protestant cities to have walls, weakened the nobles and unfortify castles
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Who did Richelieu believe was the greatest obstacle to France being the strongest state In Europe?
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Hapsburgs rule
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Where did the Hapsburg rule?
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Spain Austria Netherlands parts of HRE
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How was the power of the Hapsburgs limited?
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A war was started
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What is skepticism?
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Don't fully believe in things, question everything
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What cause skepticism in France?
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So many war horrors
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Describe the ideas of skeptics and finding the truth-
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had a doubt towards churches saying they were the only ones that were right
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Who developed the idea of the essay?
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Montaigne
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What is an essay?
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A written expression of ideas
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What did Montaigne say humans would never have absolute knowledge of?
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The truth
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What philosopher's ideas led to the scientific method?
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Descartes
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Who was the most powerful ruler in French history?
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Louis XIV
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What was his slogan?
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I am the state
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How old was he when he came to power?
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4
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What year did he come to power?
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1643
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Who was the true ruler of France?
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Mazarin
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What was Mazarin's greatest triumph?
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He ended the 30 years war
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How did the people feel about Mazarin?
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They hated him
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What year and how old was Louis XIV when Mazarin died and he took the throne?
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22, 1661
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How did Louis weaken the power of the nobles?
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Took them off council, collected taxes
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What were intendants?
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People who collected taxes and administers justice
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Who was Louis XIV's administer of finance?
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Colbert
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What did Colbert believe in?
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Mercantilism
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Why did Colbert believe the colonies were important?
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It's where they got their raw goods from
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What did Louis do when Colbert died?
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Cancel the Edict of Nantes
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Where did Louis build his palace?
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Versailles
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By having nobles at the palace how did this increase royal authority?
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He could watch all of them and control what they did
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Louis XIV's nickname is The Sun King. Where did this come from?
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He wanted everything to revolve around him
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Art in the middle Ages was to glorify what? _______________________ Art in the Renaissance had been to glorify what? _________________________________ Art in King Louis's time was to glorify what? ________________________________________
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god, human potential, and the king
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In the second half of the 1600's what country was the most powerful in Europe?
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France
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Where did Louis invade?
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Spanish Netherlands
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What was the League of Augsburg and who belonged to it?
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William of orange and Spanish kings, kept anyone country from taking over
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What 3 things were weakening France?
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Poor harvest, constant war, new taxes
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What was the war of the Spanish succession?
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King of Spain dies with no heir to the throne, promised to Philip of Spain fought about who would rule
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What treaty ended it?
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Utrecht
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What were its terms?
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Grandson could remain king of Spain but France and Spain cannot unite
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Who was the big winner and why?
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Great Britain, they got gebraulter, novasocia, new Finland, Hudson Bay
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What was the positive side of Louis XIV reign?
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Top country in Europe, good military leader
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What was the negative side of Louis XIV reign?
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War, debt, taxed the poor
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What did the Peace of Augsburg state?
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That the prince would determine religion
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Who was the future HRE and what family did he belong to?
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Hapsburgs
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When was the 30 years war?
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1618-1648
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What was the main cause of the war?
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Religion and territory
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What was the first part called and who was winning?
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Czech Uprising, Hapsburg
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What protestant shifted the tide of the war in 1630?
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Sweden
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What 2 Frenchmen dominated the remaining years of the war?
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Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin
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Who did the French support and why?
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German and Swedish Protestants
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Why did it take until the 1800's for Germany to become united again?
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The economy was ruined
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What treaty ended the War?
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The peace of Westphalia
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What were the 5 major consequences of the treaty?
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Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria, strengthen France by awarding German territory, made German princes independent of HRE, ended religious wars in Europe, new method of peace of negotiation
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Not including the 5 results above, what was the most important result of the Thirty Year's War?
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Modern state system
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What were the 3 major states of Central Europe?
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Poland HRE Ottoman Empire
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What made these states in Central Europe weak?
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The economy developed differently
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What kept Poland from becoming a strong unified state?
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They didn't have a strong ruler
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What were the 2 weakened empires in Central Europe?
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Ottoman Empire and HRE
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Where were the Hapsburgs from?
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Austria
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In 1711 who became the Hapsburg leader?
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Charles VI
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Why was it a hard empire to rule?
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There were so many diverse people
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Who took over when Charles VI died?
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Maria Theresa
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What country challenged the Hapsburgs of Austria?
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Prussia
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Who was the ruling family of Prussia?
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Hohenzollerns
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In 1640 who became the Hohenzollern leader?
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Fredrick William
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What title did he take?
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Elector of Brandenburg
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What did he believe was the only way to ensure safety?
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A strong army
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What type of government did they have?
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Absolute monarchy
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Who were the Junkers and how did the King get their support?
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Landowning nobility they resisted the kings power
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Who took over when Frederick William died?
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Fredrick II
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What was his title?
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Fredrick the great
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What land did Austria and Prussia fight over?
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Silesia
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Who was the head of Austria at this time?
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Maria Theresa
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Who won?
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Prussia
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What country now became a major European power?
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Prussia
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What were the 2 sides in the Seven Years War?
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Austria France Russia vs. Britain Prussia
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After the war what territory changed hands in Europe?
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Nothing
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For the first time, what European country played a part in European affairs?
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Russia
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Who was the winner of the 7 Years War and what did they win?
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Britain wins French territory in new world and India
