World History- 6 – Flashcards
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absolute monarch
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a ruler with unlimited authority, having no checks on his or her power by law or constitution
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armada
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a large fleet of warships
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boyar
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a powerful Russian noble and landowner
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divine right
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the belief that God had created a monarchy and had chosen the king or queen to act as his representative on earth
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Ideal
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existing as a perfect example
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Why did Peter the Great call his new capital city a "window on Europe"?
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He wanted it to reflect European culture.
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What is an armada?
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a large fleet of warships
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Which was Peter the Great responsible for?
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turning Russia into a modern, powerful nation
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What did French aristocrats do in an effort to keep their privileges?
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They put more power in the hands of the king.
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What resulted from Louis XIV's constant pursuit of warfare?
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France was left deeply in debt.
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Who suffered when Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes?
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only French Protestants
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Someone who believes in divine rule believes that God
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chooses monarchs to represent him on Earth.
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The greatest accomplishment of Philip II of Spain was to
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preside over the growth of a large empire.
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When Louis XIV said, "I am the state," he meant that he
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had absolute power.
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How was Russia similar to the rest of continental Europe in the 1600s?
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Russia was ruled by powerful monarchs.
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geocentric theory
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the theory that the earth was at the center of the universe
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heliocentric theory
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: the theory that the sun was at the center of the universe
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heresy
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: a belief in science in an idea that is contrary to church teaching
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Hypothesis :
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an idea that is meant to be tested
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scientific method :
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an approach to scientific questions that involves forming a hypothesis, testing it through experiment, and analyzing data to each conclusions
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Scientific Revolution :
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change in how people thought about and explored the natural world that came out of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment in the fifteenth though seventeenth centuries
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Which describes a difference between Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton?
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XX try d Boyle discovered the laws of motion, while Newton discovered the relationship between pressure and gas volumes.
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Which change occurred during the Renaissance?
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Scholars revived an interest in classical ideas.
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Who proposed the heliocentric theory?
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Who developed the geocentric theory?
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Aristotle.
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How did barometers advance science?
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They allowed scientists to measure pressure.
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Scientists in ancient Greece believed that
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everything in the world could be explained by logic and reason.
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The image shows a diagram developed by a German astronomer in the 1600s. How did this diagram advance scientific thinking?
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The diagram demonstrated the first law of planetary motion, proving the heliocentric theory.
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How did French philosopher René Descartes contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
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He developed mathematical principles.
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During the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars made key advancements in
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astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and physics
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The geocentric theory states that the center of the universe is
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Earth.
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develop:
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to advance or create
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natural rights:
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the basic rights to which all human beings are entitled
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reason:
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rational argument
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secular:
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separate from any religious tradition
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social contract:
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a theory that individuals give up rights and control in exchange for protection and participation
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tyranny:
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oppressive rule, usually by a government
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Which statement best explains the role of government according to Thomas Hobbes?
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The absolute authority of government is essential to ensure safety.
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Written by Baron de Montesquieu,The Spirit of the Laws is about
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the ideal organization of government.
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How did John Locke's beliefs differ from those of Thomas Hobbes?
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Locke believed that people are naturally reasonable, while Hobbes believed that people are naturally selfish
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Written by Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan is about
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the purpose of government.
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Which Enlightenment thinker first proposed the idea of a social contract?
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Thomas Hobbes
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Which Enlightenment thinker believed that citizens should rebel against a tyrannical government?
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John Locke
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All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Whose ideas does this excerpt best support?
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Baron de Montesquieu
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According to John Locke, liberty includes the right to
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act freely within the boundaries of the law.
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The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings, capable of laws, where there is no law there is no freedom. This quote helps explain the idea of
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XX writing laws to provide safety.
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How did Baron de Montesquieu's beliefs differ from those of Thomas Hobbes?
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Montesquieu believed that governments should have checks and balances, while Hobbes believed that governments should have absolute power
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In retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, the British passed laws to punish Massachusetts. Specifically, the British closed Boston Harbor to trade until restitution was provided on the tea. What effect did these measures have on colonists?
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They united the colonies in their fight against the British.
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The Boston Tea Party was the first major act of defiance by the colonists. What were the colonists protesting?
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taxation without representation
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Which philosopher of the Enlightenment most influenced Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence?
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Locke
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Haiti was the second nation in the Americas to achieve independence from a European power—in this case, France. How did Haiti's revolution differ from the American Revolution?
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Haiti's revolution was a slave revolt.
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The ideas of the Enlightenment, including the concept of the social contract, influenced the American Revolution. Which of these statements best explains what a social contract is?
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People support the government in exchange for rights and protection.
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American leaders sought to draft the Constitution as a new plan of government. Why had the previous plan failed?
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XX It concentrated power in the states.
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Why was taxation without representation considered a violation of the social contract?
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Taxation without representation indicated a lack of agreement between the government and the governed.
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In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson listed a series of grievances that colonists had against British rule. What purpose did this serve?
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The list outlined how the British broke the social contract.
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The American Revolution subsequently inspired nineteenth-century independence movements in which part of the world?
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Latin America and the Caribbean
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In the era of the French Revolution, France faced many of the same issues as those faced by the colonies in the American Revolution. Which problem affected both nations?
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tyrannical monarchies in power
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man made all French citizens equal before the law. How did this equality contrast with the ways of the Old Regime?
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The declaration abolished the three estates.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that there were two types of inequality: natural or physical inequality and moral or political inequality. Which is an example of moral or political inequality?
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having more power than others
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After the National Assembly was locked out of the Estates-General meeting, members of the assembly met on a tennis court in Versailles and swore the Tennis Court Oath. What vow did they make with this oath?
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to continue to work until France had a constitution
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What was one advantage of being a member of the Second Estate?
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having extensive privileges
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The clergy comprised the wealthy First Estate, with members of noble descent in particular having a great deal of power. What was the source of the clergy's wealth?
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tithes
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Why did the Third Estate form the National Assembly?
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They wanted to find ways to benefit ordinary citizens.
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On July 14, 1789, French citizens unhappy with the failed government reforms stormed the Bastille, a medieval fortress prison. What has this event come to represent in French history?
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liberty
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Montesquieu believed that government power should be divided between different branches, much like the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in the United States. He believed that this division promoted liberty and justice. What else does the separation of powers do?
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It prevents one branch from gaining too much power
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How did French support of the American Revolution increase problems for King Louis XVI?
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It accelerated the economic crisis.
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Which group paid the least in taxes under the Old Regime?
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the aristocracy
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conservative:
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wanting to keep society the same
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counterrevolutionary:
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one who takes action to oppose a revolution
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exile:
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a person who was forced to or needed to leave his or her country
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guillotine:
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a device that uses a wooden platform and a falling blade to quickly behead a prisoner
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Jacobin :
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a radical political group that gained control of France during the Revolution
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radical :
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wanting extreme changes in a society
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Although the National Assembly was made up of the Third Estate,
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many members still wanted to keep the king involved in government.
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What happened after the Committee of Public Safety began to fall apart?
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Power shifted back to the National Convention.
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Who wanted a limited or constitutional monarchy?
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the Conservatives
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After winning power, the Jacobins sought strong leadership to face overwhelming challenges by
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deciding to form the Committee of Public Safety.
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Which two factions disagreed on the revolution's path?
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Jacobins and the Conservatives
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The revolution grew more violent mainly because radicals reacted to
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XX the National Assembly falling apart.
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For how many years did the Reign of Terror last?
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one
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The National Convention benefited the people and the state by
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seizing all church property and giving it to the people and state.
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The National Assembly dissolved and was replaced by
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the National Convention.
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What impact did the French Revolution have on the rest of Europe?
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Other European countries declared war on France.
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balance of power:
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the idea that countries are most protected when no one state is more powerful than the rest
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comprehensive:
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complete and wide-ranging
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coup d'état:
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a sudden overthrow of an existing government
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nationalism:
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loyalty and devotion to one's country
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royalist:
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someone who supports a monarch or monarchy
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In 1802, the French people voted to keep Napoleon in power, giving him the right to
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choose his successor
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After becoming emperor, why did Napoleon plan to conquer other countries in Europe?
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He wanted to amass as much land as possible for France.
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Why was Russia's defeat of France the turning point in the Napoleonic Wars?
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XX The people of France no longer supported Napoleon.
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Read the quote delivered by the Consulate on November 12, 1799. People of France: Swear with us to be true to the Republic one and indivisible, founded on equality, liberty, and the representative system. What is the problem with this quote?
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XX France was not founded on equality and liberty.
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What is a coup d'etat?
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a sudden overthrow of an existing government
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After the coup d'etat and the resignation of the Directory, one of the first things Napoleon did was to
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form a military dictatorship.
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What is the most accurate description of Napoleon's One Hundred Days?
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Napoleon escaped from Elba, was defeated at Waterloo, and was exiled again.
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In 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba in order to
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retake his power as emperor and retain the empire.
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Because Napoleon supported many ideals of the Enlightenment and began instituting symbols and titles from the monarchy, historians later classified him as
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the enlightened monarch.
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Which of these civil liberties was limited under the Napoleonic Code?
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freedom of speech
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What should the draft of an informative essay include? Check all that apply.
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a strong introduction properly cited sources historical perspective
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While revising an essay about a turning point, a student should
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make sure the turning point is supported with clear evidence.
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A thesis about a historical turning point should explain how the event changed the___ of history.
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course
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Adding___ facts and details to an informative essay can help make its points more precise.
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relevant
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A thesis statement provides organization for an informative essay by
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briefly stating points that will be discussed in body paragraphs.
