World History 2- Midterm Review – Flashcards
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humanism
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an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement
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Erasmus
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wrote the Praise of Folly, which poked fun at greedy merchants, heart sick lovers, quarrelsome scholars and pompous priests
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ninety-five theses
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95 reasons why the catholic church should change, written by Martin Luther
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reformation
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a movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority
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Henry VIII
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king of England who withdrew England from the Roman Catholic Church and created Parliament and the Church of England
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Council of Trent
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a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers; stopped internal corruption
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Edict of Nantes
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declaration where the french king promised that Protestants could live in peace in France
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Thirty Years War
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Protestants vs. Catholics
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Hernando Cortez
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explored for Spain and conquered the Aztec empire
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Francisco Pizzaro
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explored for Spain and conquered the Incan Empire
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Sir Francis Drake
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English explored who was the first to circumnavigate the globe and explore the west part of North America
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Line of Demarcation
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separated Portuguese territory from Spanish territory
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Triangular trade
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trade network in between the Americas, Europe, and Africa
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Middle Passage
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part of the triangular trade from Africa to Americas along which millions of Africans were transported into slavery
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Columbian Trade
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trade between Americas and Europe
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Mercantilism
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idea that the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country
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European Revolution
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european nations competed for overseas markets, colonies and resources
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Spanish Armada
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spanish military fleet who tried to invade England to punish them for Protestantism, but lost
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Louis XIV
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most powerful and influential French king, built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of his power; "I am the State"
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Peter the Great
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Tsar who westernized Russia and built St. Petersburg as a center of education and culture; one of Russia's great reformers, help increase tsar's power
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Charles I
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English king who wanted absolute power, which led to the English Civil War (lost war and then was executed)
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Oliver Cromwell
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man who led the supporters of Parliament against the supporters of the king in the English Civil War
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Restoration
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the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government and being brought into power
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Glorious Revolution
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the bloodless overthrow of the English king, James II, and his replacement by William and Mary
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English Bill of Rights
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limited the power of the monarch and increased the power of Parliament, signed by William and Mary
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Copernicus
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came up with the heliocentric theory (planets revolve around the sun)
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Kepler
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planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
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Newton
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discovered the laws of gravity and laws of motion
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Harvey
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studied the circulation of blood
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Hobbes
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believed in a social contract where people create a government by giving up their rights to that government; wrote the Leviathan
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Locke
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believed people should overthrow their government if they don't have the natural rights of "life, liberty, and property"
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Voltaire
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fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of speech and freedom of religion
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Montesquieu
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believed in the separation of powers, checks and balances; wrote On the Spirit of Laws
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Rousseau
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believed that a good government was freely formed by the people and guided by the "general will" of society; wrote the Social Contract
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Old Regime
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the political and social system that existed in France before the French revolution
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Louis XVI
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king of France during the French Revolution
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National Assembly
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a French Congress established by representatives of the 3rd Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French People
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Bastille
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French fortress which imprisoned political prisoners, its attack marked the beginning of the French Revolution
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Congress of Vienna
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a series of meetings during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
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Legitimacy
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monarchs brought back to power/ right of a monarch to rule
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Liberal
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having political or social views favoring reform and progress
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radical
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favored drastic change
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Creoles
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in spanish colonies, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents
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Mestizo
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a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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former slave, liberated Haiti from France
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Simon Bolivar
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creole, liberated Venezuela, Columbia and other areas of South America from Spain
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Miguel Hidalgo
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priest, liberated Mexico from Spain
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Monroe Doctrine
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a US policy of opposition to European interference in Latin America, announced by president James Monroe
