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Muhammad

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Believed by muslims to be the last prophet who received God's revelations directly from the angel Gabriel. 1st leader of the Muslim Community.

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Islam

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"submission or surrender" began in the 610s, monotheistic worship (only God) Mean that switched to this religion had to be circumcised. Men can have four wives, 12 year lunar months of 29.5 days.

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Arabic

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Semitic language related to Hebrew that was written with an alphabet.

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Mecca

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Muhammad was born here, it was a trading community in the Arabian Peninsula far from any major urban center. Traders traveling from Syria to Yemen stopped in Mecca, Kaaba: large black rock in cube shape was in the shrine here.

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Medina

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City 215 miles to the North, where Muhammad and his followers moved to in 622.

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Hijrah

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Migration, all dates in the Islamic Calendar are calculated in the year of thr hijrah

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Jihad

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arabic root for "striving or effort", A struggle or fight against non-muslims. In addition to its basic meaning of holy war, modern muslims use the term in a spiritual or moral sense to indicate an individual's striving to fulfill all the teachings of Islam.

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Hajj

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the pilgrimage to Mecca, required of all muslims who can afford the trip. The pilgrimage commemorates that moment when, just as he was about to sacrifice him, abraham freed Ishmael and sacrificed a sheep in his place.

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Caliph

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Literally (successor). Before 945, the caliph was the successor to Muhammad and the supreme political and religious leader of the islamic world. After 945, the caliph had no political power but served as the religious leader of all Muslims.

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Quran

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The book that Muslims believe is the direct word of God as revealed to Muhamad. written sometime around 650

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Five pillars of Islam

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1.) to bear false witness to allah as the sole God and accept Muhammd as his messenger 2.) to pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca. 3.) to pay a fixed share of ones income to the state in support of the poor adnd needy. 4.) to refrain from drinking, eating and sexual activity during day-time hours in the month of Ramadan. 5.) Take the pilgrimaje to Mecca (hajj)

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shiite

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The "shia" or "party of ali", one of the two main groups of Islam Support Ali's claim to succeed Muhammad and believe that the grandchildren born to ali and fatima should lead the community. Deny the legitmacy of the first three caliphs.

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Sunnis

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the larger of the two main Islamic groups that formed after alis death. Sunnis , meaning "the people of custom and the community", hold that the leader of islam should be chosen by consenus and that legitimate claims to descent are only through the male line. Sunnis do not believe ali and fatima's descendents can become calips.

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Byzantine Empire

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Eastern half of the Roman Empire after the loss of the western half in 476. Sometimes called Byzantium. Headed by and Emperor in its capital Constantinople

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Constantinople

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Capital of the Eastern half of Rome

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Effects of the plague

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Refers to two distinct illnesses, bubonic plague and the almost always fatal pneumonic plague, forming two phases of an outbreak. The plague struck Byzantium more than fifteen times between 541 and 767

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Merovingian Dynasty

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A Germanic Dynasty in modern-day France and Germany whose founder clovis converted to Christianity and ruled as a war-band leader.

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Carolingian Dynasty

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an important aristocratic family who overthrew the Merovingian rulers in 751. Their most powerful ruler was Charlemagne. after his death, the empire split into three sections, each under a different ruler.

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Justinian I

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Byzantine Emperor was a native of Thrace. He married theodora, emperor changed law so that he could marry her.

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Justinian Corpus of Civil Law

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Consists of three works: the code, the digest, and the institutes.

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vikings

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Term used for those Scandanavians who left home to loot coastal towns and who were most active between 793 and 1066

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Wergeld

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literally "man payment" an important Germanic legal concept that set the monetary value of a human life . The function of wergeld payments was to prevent an endless cycle of killing among feuding families.

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Charlemagne

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ruler of the carolingian Dynasty.

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the Hagia Sophia

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a cathedral built by the emperor Justinian in constantinople. the word translates to "Divine wisdom"

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Iconoclast controversy

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taking down all christian religious figures.

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Kiev

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a new state that began as a trading post on the Dnieper River and evolved into a pricipality, led by a prince, around 900

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Vladimir

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ruler of the Kievan rus in 970.

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Clovis

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founder of the Merovingian Dynasty

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Song Dynasty

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Dynasty that ruled a united China from the Northern capital of Kaifeng from 960 to 1126 and only the southern half of the empire from 1127 to 1276

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Jurchen

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a forest-swelling , fishing people based in manchuria who proved to be skilled horseman and who raised a powerful army of their own. Founded the Jin Dynasty

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Jin Dynasty

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dynasty of the Jurchen people of Manchuria that ruled north china from 1127 to 1234, when the mongols defeated their armies. They modeled their government on that of the song dynasty

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Gunpowder weapons

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More powerful and precise

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Footbinding

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A sign of wealth for women

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Neo Confucianism

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teachings of a thinker named Zhu XI and his followers based on Confucianism but introducing major revisions. Rather than focusing on ritual and inner humanity, zhu XI urged students to apprehend the priciple in things.

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Zhu XI

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the leading thinker of Neo-confucianism

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Moveable Type

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First developed in China after 1040. Printers made individual characters from clay , fired them in kiln, set them in an iron frame, and printed pages by pressing paper against the inked type.

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Paper Money

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money issued around 1000 by the song dynasty that could be used instead of bronze coins. The Song Dynasty was the first government in world history to issue paper money

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Feudalism

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the legal and Social System in Europe from 1000 to 1400 in which serfs worked the land and subordinates performed military services for their lords in return for protection. A legal concept

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Cerealization

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term comprimising maany agricultural practices that allowed Europeans between 100 and 1300 to cultivate most of the land in Europe: crop rotation, use of draft animals, the addition of iron blades to plows, and the spread of watermills and windmills.

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Guilds

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Associations formed by members of the same trade that regulated prices and working hours and covered members burial costs. only those who belonged to the guild could engage in the business the guild regulated.

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Liberal Arts

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Basic core of the curriculum in Europe between 500 and 1500 that consisted of the trivium (logic, grammar, and rhetoric) and the quadrivium (arithmetic, astronomy, and music theory.)

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Scholasticism

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Prevailing method of instruction in Europe between 1100 and 1500. Held that students could arrive at a correct answer if they used their powers of reasining toi derive the answers from multiple citations of classical sources and the bible.

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Crusader

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term meaning "one who is signed by the cross", that indicated anyone who attached a cross to his or her clothes as a sign of belonging to a large, volunteer force against Muslims. Eight different groups of Crusaders traveled to the Holy Land in the hope of capturing Jerusalem.

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Inquisition

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special court established by the pope to hear charges against those accused of heresy. The inquisition used anonomyus informants , forced interrogation,, and torture to identify heretics. Those found guilty were usually burned at the stake.

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Black Death

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this deisease came from the ports of Europe

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Saladin

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a crusader that devoted himself to raising an army strong enough to repulse the crusaders. Took Jerusalem back

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hundred years war

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war between the English and french fought entirely on French soil. At the end of the war, the kings of England and France had gained the power to tax and to maintain a standing army.

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Great Western Schism

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Dispute that divided the Roman Catholic Church, in which two, sometimes three, men claimed to be the legitimate pope. The French kings backed the popes living in Avignon, the English king supported the pope in Rome.

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Chinggis Kahn

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founder of the Mongol Empire who who united the different peoples living in Modern-day Mongolia in 1206, when he took the title Chinggis Kahn

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Shamans

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Mongol religious specialists who intedrceeded with the Gods. traveled to high mountains, thought to be the residence of high Gods, to prostate themselves. also contacted dieties by burning bones and interpretting the cracks to interpret the Gods will.

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tanistry

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Process the mongols used to choose a new leader. under tanistry, the most qualified member of the chiefs family led the band. Had to prove ability to lead by defeating their rivals in battle.

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Darughaci

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Regional governor appointed by the leaders of the Mongols after they had conquered a new territory. Main tasks were to administer the region and to collect taxes.

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Shamans

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mongol religious specialists who interceded with the Gods. Traveled to high mountains, thought to be the residence of High Gods, to prostrate themselves. Also contracted deities by burning bones and interpreting the cracks to interpret the gods will.

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Khuriltai

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name of the mongols assembly that gathered to acclaim the new leader after he has defeated his rivals. Not an electoral body.

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