question

Which of the following was an important difference between the Tang and Song dynasties?

answer

Unlike the Tang, the Song did not try to expand China's borders into the Inner Eurasian steppe.

question

The Southern Song dynasty ruled from which region?

answer

Hangzhou

question

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the increase in China's food production during the Southern Song dynasty?

answer

the introduction of the traction plow

question

Which of the following best describes the economic strategy of the Song dynasty?

answer

The Song were great promoters of trade and commerce, in contrast to Confucian ideals.

question

To encourage the growth of the Chinese economy, the Song

answer

expanded China's already extensive network of waterways.

question

Which of the following best describes a "temple market"?

answer

a gathering usually around Buddhist or other religious holidays in which merchants, peasants, and artisans might buy and sell wares

question

Which of the following was an important consequence of increased output of food in the countryside under Song rule?

answer

China's cities grew, and artisans were able to focus more on their crafts.

question

Which of the following is NOT an invention of the Song era?

answer

a positional system of counting

question

Which of the following best describes the status of women during the Song dynasty?

answer

Though women gained some property rights under Song rule, they were increasingly socially isolated from and subjugated to the will of men.

question

Which of the following is an important difference between the peasantry of Europe under feudalism and China's peasantry under the Song dynasty?

answer

Chinese peasants could sell or bequeath their land to children, unlike the majority of European peasants who labored on the land of wealthy aristocrats.

question

The civil service examination system in China led to which of the following?

answer

meritocracy

question

Which of the following best describes the movement known as Neo-Confucianism?

answer

Originating during the Song era, Neo-Confucianism reaffirmed the basic values of Confucian thought while incorporating some of the spiritual elements of Buddhism and Daoism.

question

Beginning at the end of the first millennium C.E., Japan was ruled by

answer

wealthy aristocrats.

question

Beginning with the Kamakura Shogunate, Japan differed from China in which important way?

answer

China was ruled by a civil bureaucracy, while Japan was ruled by a military elite.

question

Japan's samurai class was most similar to which of the following?

answer

European vassals

question

Lady Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji tells us what about Japanese society at the end of the first millennium C.E.?

answer

Elite Japanese women engaged in a host of creative and cultural activities.

question

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding trade during the Song era?

answer

Northern China became the center of Chinese trade as a result of its easy access to navigable waterways.

question

Which of the following is an accurate conclusion regarding the presence of Chinese porcelain in western Europe beginning in the twelfth century C.E.?

answer

Trade under the Song dynasty flourished and reached far afield.

question

Which of the following was an important consequence of the expansion of Turkic peoples throughout Afroeurasia?

answer

Turkic conquests resulted in an even greater spread of Islam.

question

The Seljuks can best be described as which of the following?

answer

pastoral nomads

question

The Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Malazgirt ultimately led to the creation of which of the following modern-day states?

answer

Turkey

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the many Turkic states that controlled Southwest Asia after the collapse of the Seljuk regime?

answer

They all expelled Christians from their lands.

question

As of 1000 C.E., which group dominated the Mediterranean and Black Seas?

answer

Muslim captains

question

The Almoravids hailed from which region?

answer

the Sahara

question

Which of the following was a defining belief of the Almohads?

answer

God is a spiritual entity that cannot be described in terms of any human quality or characteristic.

question

Which of the following was a consequence of Almoravid and Almohad rule?

answer

Cultural exchange between Spain and North Africa flourished.

question

The main goal of the madrasas under the Turkic sultanates of the eleventh and twelfth centuries was to

answer

educate the next generation of ulama scholars.

question

The Jewish thinker Maimonides is an example of which of the following?

answer

a scholar turned public servant, a common feature of the Muslim states of the eleventh and twelfth centuries

question

Which of the following best describes the study of the humanities and sciences under Muslim rule?

answer

Even though madrasas did not offer study in the humanities and sciences, many scholars pursued these topics privately and produced great works in these fields.

question

The term Sufism refers to which of the following?

answer

the mystical branch of Islam

question

Which of the following is a main belief of Sufism?

answer

Humans can be aided on their divine path by saintly individuals.

question

Which of the following best describes the impact of Sufism on women?

answer

Sufism allowed women to express themselves in an otherwise patriarchal Muslim world.

question

All of the following contributed to crop increases in Europe from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries EXCEPT

answer

greater freedom for Europe's peasants.

question

Which of the following best describes three-field crop rotation?

answer

a system in which European peasants rotated across three fields to increase crop varieties and allow soil to recover

question

The annual markets held in the Champagne region of France in the twelfth century tell us what about European society during this period?

answer

Europeans were producing larger quantities of manufactured goods and engaging more heavily in trans-hemispheric trade.

question

The Holy Roman Empire exemplified which of the following?

answer

an attempt by Christian authorities to place Europe under the rule of a single monarch

question

From the eleventh to thirteenth centuries, the Christian church

answer

reasserted its control over the appointment of church officials and strengthened its position with regard to secular rulers.

question

Which of the following best describes the body known as the Estates-General?

answer

a political body in which France's most influential voices gathered to express their opinions before the French king

question

France, under the rule of Philip II, can best be described as

answer

an increasingly centralized state run by educated bureaucrats.

question

The Magna Carta is important because it

answer

limited the power of the English monarch, especially his or her ability to raise taxes.

question

Which of the following constituted a unique feature of the English Parliament as

answer

Parliament could raise taxes, create laws, and challenge the king.

question

Which of the following best describes the way in which Christianity spread throughout Europe, beginning in the eleventh century?

answer

Knights seized land through military conquests and converted conquered populations with the help of clergy

question

All of the following were motives for the spread of Christianity throughout Europe EXCEPT

answer

a preference among large numbers of Europeans for the teachings of Christianity over pagan beliefs.

question

Which of the following is an outcome of the relationship between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches in the spread of Christianity throughout Europe?

answer

Countries such as Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria follow the Orthodox Church, while others, such as Hungary and Croatia, follow the Catholic Church.

question

Christian incursions into Muslim Spain from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries led to which of the following?

answer

a degree of cooperation and mixing of cultures among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the region

question

Which of the following was NOT a motive behind the crusades?

answer

a desire to reunite the Orthodox and Catholic Churches through a joint military campaign

question

Which of the following is a significant consequence of the crusades?

answer

ideas and knowledge from Southwest Asia flowed more quickly into western Europe

question

One important difference between Italian and Muslim trading ventures in the eastern Mediterranean was that

answer

Italian merchants were often backed by military forces funded either by the state or by private bodies.

question

As a result of the growth of Christianity throughout Europe, Jews

answer

were increasingly discriminated against and made to live apart from the mainstream of society.

question

The growth of Christian monasteries throughout Europe led to which of the following?

answer

the emergence of a distinct European Christian culture

question

Mongols organized themselves based on which of the following?

answer

tribes formed around kinship and common ancestors

question

Which of the following best describes the Mongol concept of "Blue Heaven"?

answer

the place where the highest of supernatural beings resides

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the role of Mongol women?

answer

Mongol women produced a host of goods and helped to tend herds.

question

Which of the following best summarizes the tactics responsible for Chingis Khan's rise to power?

answer

Chingis Khan obtained power by both treating his enemies ruthlessly and allowing defeated populations to join him.

question

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding Chingis Khan's victory over northern China?

answer

Chingis Khan's victory in northern China came at the expense of his campaigns in central Eurasia.

question

The term Turko-Mongol refers to which of the following?

answer

the absorption of thousands of Turkic soldiers into the Mongol force

question

Which of the following was the main military advantage of the Mongols?

answer

cavalry

question

Chingis Khan owed his success to all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the adoption of a civil bureaucracy similar to that found in China.

question

Which of the following best describes the course of Mongol rule after Chingis Khan's death?

answer

The Mongol empire continued to expand under the rule of Chingis's descendants.

question

The life of Sorghaghtani Beki tells us what about the status of women in Mongol society?

answer

Mongol women could achieve great political power and were recognized for their achievements.

question

Kubilai Khan is responsible for which of the following?

answer

uniting northern and southern China under Mongol authority

question

Kubilai Khan's attempts to invade Japan led to which of the following?

answer

a Japanese victory over Mongol forces at the expense of long-term Japanese political stability

question

Which of the following is an explanation for why the Mongols abandoned eastern Europe?

answer

The terrain of eastern Europe was not well-suited for a pastoral way of life.

question

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Russia's princes and the Mongols?

answer

Russian princes were largely political dependents of the Mongols and held very little power on their own.

question

The Ilkhanate consisted of which of the following territories?

answer

Iran and Iraq

question

Which of the following best describes the long-term impact of the Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century?

answer

Though some territories recovered relatively quickly from Mongol invasions, many lands suffered economic decline and population decrease for decades after the Mongol conquests.

question

The Pax Mongolica refers to which of the following?

answer

a period in which the balance of power between the Mongol khanates permitted greater trade and travel throughout Afroeurasia

question

Trade and commerce under Mongol rule

answer

flourished and was supported by the complex network of Mongol military outposts

question

Marco Polo is an example of which of the following?

answer

a Christian from western Europe whose journey to East Asia was enabled by the relative ease of travel under Mongol rule

question

Which of the following best describes the impact of Kubilai Khan's rule on the structure of Chinese society?

answer

Though Kubilai Khan relied on Turko-Mongol officials for the highest positions in society, he made great use of lower-level Chinese bureaucrats and kept most of China's institutions intact.

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the spread of knowledge under Mongol rule?

answer

Mongol rulers encouraged scholarship in a variety of fields, from astronomy to agriculture.

question

Which of the following best describes the religious practices of Mongol rulers?

answer

Mongol rulers were receptive to several religious traditions and incorporated different aspects of Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism into their spiritual framework.

question

Which of the following religions grew the most as a result of Mongol rule?

answer

Islam

question

The vast Buddhist temple complex of Angkor Wat was constructed as a result of

answer

the seagoing commercial wealth of the Khmer state.

question

Kubilai Khan attempted to seize which of the following territories because of its strategic position in the sea trade?

answer

Java

question

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding trade in southern India around the time of the Mongol invasions?

answer

Southern Indian trade centered on overland trade that made significant use of the silk roads.

question

Which of the following groups of merchants came to dominate the ports of southern India?

answer

Muslims

question

The language of commerce along the East African coast was

answer

Swahili.

question

Which of the following best describes trade along Africa's east coast during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

answer

East African ports were an important part of the trans-hemispheric trade routes and brought parts of inland Africa into the larger commercial networks of the day.

question

Which of the following is evidence of Africa's growing role in trans-hemispheric trade during the thirteenth century?

answer

the discovery of Chinese porcelain in the land known as Great Zimbabwe

question

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of western Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

answer

Europe was composed of several different political entities and was culturally and linguistically diverse.

question

Which of the following was NOT a common form of government found in western Europe during the twelfth century?

answer

republic

question

The kingdoms of England and France and parts of Spain had which of the following in common during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

answer

All three succeeded in expanding and centralizing the power of the monarchy.

question

The practice of granting charters and corporate status in Europe can best be described as a system in which

answer

private individuals and groups negotiated for rights and protection from kings and nobles in exchange for taxes and revenue.

question

Which of the following was an important difference between private enterprise in Europe and private enterprise in China during the thirteenth century?

answer

Chinese imperial authorities often initiated and regulated private ventures, while charters enabled individuals and groups in Europe to manage private enterprises without oversight by political leaders.

question

All of the following are East Asian inventions that arrived in Europe between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries EXCEPT

answer

Gothic architecture.

question

The Gothic church is an example of which of the following?

answer

a distinct European architectural style

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding European universities in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

answer

European universities were influenced by similar Muslim institutions and behaved as a type of professional guild in European society.

question

The English monk Roger Bacon is best known for which of the following innovations?

answer

Bacon argued for a system of investigating the world that relied on inductive reasoning, observation, and experimentation.

question

Which of the following best summarizes the basic principle of scholastic theology?

answer

Scholastic theology combines the principles of Aristotle with the concept of Christian divine revelation.

question

During the thirteenth century, the Muslim states of North Africa played an important role in which of the following trade routes?

answer

the trans-Saharan route

question

Which of the following constituted Mali's most significant export?

answer

gold

question

All of the following contributed to Mali's rise EXCEPT

answer

the ability of Mali's emperors to successfully breed horses.

question

Which of the following best describes the Malian state?

answer

The emperor of Mali was a powerful ruler who extracted tribute from surrounding chiefs, much like the Mongols did in Russia.

question

Mali's religious identity is best described by which of the following?

answer

Mali's rulers followed Islam, but they honored and incorporated many local religious beliefs and practices into the traditions of the royal court.

question

Which of the following is a reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the account of Mali written by Ibn Battuta in the Rihla?

answer

Malians combined many aspects of African and Islamic culture.

question

The brass sculptures of the Yoruba-speaking peoples of the fourteenth century suggest which of the following?

answer

The copper needed for the sculptures came from the south-central Sahara, an illustration of the far reach of the trans-Saharan trade route.

question

Stories about Sunjata, the founder of the Malian state, most closely parallel the tales of which other imperial founder?

answer

Chingis Khan

question

All of the following languages emerged as popular vernaculars EXCEPT

answer

Mongolian.

question

The use of Mongol military units resulted in which of the following?

answer

the breaking down of traditional kinship ties among Mongols in order to create more loyalty to the royal court of Chingis Khan

question

Which region was spared from the population and economic slump of the fourteenth century?

answer

Subsaharan Africa

question

What was the world's most important gold-supplying state as of 1300?

answer

Mali

question

Climatologists labeled the cooling cycle that ended in the mid-1800s the

answer

Little Ice Age.

question

Which of the following was NOT a result of the cooling cycle in the fourteenth century?

answer

political riots

question

Next to the American Indian die-off, the most deadly disease crisis before modern times was the

answer

Black Death.

question

Infections associated with the Black Death were thought to be caused by a

answer

bacterium.

question

The principal vector of Y. pestis was

answer

fleas.

question

The dominant theory concerning the origin of the Black Death contends that it started somewhere in

answer

Inner Eurasia.

question

Which religious community, at least in some regions, was blamed for the pandemic

answer

Jewish

question

Among the structural shifts undermining the Mongol state in the 1300s was

answer

price inflation caused by excess paper money.

question

The rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang took control of Beijing and proclaimed a new ________ dynasty.

answer

Ming

question

Why did the Mongol khanate of Iran-Iraq fall?

answer

internal feuding over supreme command

question

In the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria in the wake of the Black Death, income ________ for rural peasants and ________ for skilled urban workers.

answer

fell; grew

question

Who was the last of the great Inner Eurasian steppe conquerors?

answer

Tamerlane

question

The condition of legal bondage that forced an individual to live and work on a particular estate is known as

answer

serfdom.

question

Why did serfdom virtually disappear in western Europe in the fifteenth century?

answer

the discovery by landowners that other labor practices made better economic sense

question

Who were the principle actors of the Hundred Years' War?

answer

England and France

question

Where were most of the battles of the Hundred Years' War fought?

answer

France

question

In the fourteenth century, the political authority and moral prestige of the Catholic Church

answer

was falling.

question

Why was the seat of the church moved from Rome to Avignon in southern France?

answer

so the French crown could more easily influence the church

question

What prompted urban manufacturers to improve the technology of textile production between 1300 and 1500?

answer

labor shortages

question

How did gunpowder and recipes for making it become known in Europe?

answer

by diffusion across Inner Eurasia during the Mongol era

question

Who formed Europe's first artillery corps to transport and maintain guns?

answer

France

question

Since printing didn't take hold in India or in the central Muslim lands until the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries, how did colleges and wealthy families possess libraries?

answer

The books were hand-copied, mainly in Arabic or Persian.

question

Where was movable type made of wood invented?

answer

China

question

In the 1440s a team of German craftsman led by ________ invented movable metal type for the Latin alphabet.

answer

Johannes Gutenberg

question

When the Ming era ended, approximately how much of the world's population lived in China?

answer

a third

question

On which previous empire did Taizu model the Ming government?

answer

Tang

question

The Ming government's policies favored

answer

an agrarian society.

question

The Korean Choson dynasty had a formal tributary relationship with China. Governing decisions for Korea were made

answer

independently of China.

question

The extension of frontier defensive fortifications known as the Great Wall was in response to

answer

a military humiliation at the hands of the Mongols.

question

Who led the naval show of Ming imperial power in the Indian Ocean?

answer

Zheng He

question

Zheng He and the ship captains serving under him navigated using all of the following EXCEPT

answer

a sextant.

question

The cost of building more ocean-going ships became prohibitive because of

answer

deforestation.

question

Who ruled the North Indian sultanate of Delhi?

answer

Muslim Turkic military lords

question

What monarchy was founded by a warrior band in south central India?

answer

Vijayanagar

question

What city in what is now western Afghanistan was one of the main urban centers of the Timurid sultanate in the fifteenth century?

answer

Herat

question

Timurid scholars produced the most advanced gazetteer of ________ produced anywhere in the world to that point.

answer

the heavens

question

Who founded the Ottoman Turkish state?

answer

Osman

question

How did Murad I ensure his army was not concerned with Ottoman politics or factional feuding, but was loyal to the ruler?

answer

by drafting healthy Christian boys from the Balkans

question

Members of the Ottoman professional standing army were known as

answer

janissaries.

question

Who finally captured the great Byzantine bastion of Constantinople?

answer

Mehmed II

question

The non-aristocratic propertied class were known as the

answer

bourgeoisie.

question

Why did women in the fifteenth century enjoy somewhat greater freedom to earn money?

answer

severe labor shortages

question

Who was the first king of the Tudor dynasty?

answer

Henry VII

question

Which dynasty held sovereignty over the Holy Roman Empire of central Europe?

answer

Habsburg

question

Following the Black Death, what city emerged as Europe's liveliest hub of cultural genius?

answer

Florence

question

How was the Renaissance, with its ambitious artistic and literary projects, financed?

answer

patronage from the wealthy elite

question

The Renaissance philosophy that was fundamentally a project to retrieve the surviving literary and aesthetic achievements of ancient Rome was

answer

humanism.

question

The Renaissance spread from Italy to the rest of Europe in tandem with the spread of

answer

printing technology.

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