Wildlife Cons. and Mang. – Flashcards
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What is wildlife?
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Free- living, wild animals of major significance to humans
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What is wildlife management?
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the manipulation of wildlife populations and habitat to achieve a goal
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What are the three concepts of wildlife management perceived by Aldo Leopold?
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1) The denser the human population, the more intense the system of game management needed to supply the same proportion of people with hunting 2) The recreational value of a head of game is inverse to the artificiality of its origin, and hence in a broad way to the intensiveness of the system of game management which produced it 3) A proper game policy seeks a happy medium between the intensity of management necessary to maintain a game supply and that which would deteriorate its quality or recreational value
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What is the Wildlife Management triad?
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Humans--> Wildlife Populations--> Environment and habitat
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Explain the difference between Preservation and Conservation.
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-Preservation is an inactive form of management. -Conservation is an active form of management that includes direct and indirect manipulation of the environment.
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What are the 4 goals of WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT?
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1) INCREASE POPULATION 2) REDUCE POPULATION 3) MANAGE FOR SUSTAINED RESOURCES AND POPULATION 4) DO NOTHING
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What is market hunting? Why is it bad?
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It is hunting a species with no limit. It leads to the exploitation of the harvested species.
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What is the name of the first established wildlife refuge?
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Pelican Island
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Name the 7 pillars of the North American Model of Wildlife Management.
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1)Wildlife as a Public Trust Resource 2) Elimination of Markets for Game 3) Allocation of Wildlife by Law 4) Kill Only for Legitimate Purpose 5) Wildlife as an International Resource 6)Science-based Wildlife Policy 7) Democracy of Hunting
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Explain the difference between Adaptation and Evolution.
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-Adaptation is a trait that increases fitness in an individual. -Evolution is a change in a population over time.
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True or false? Evolution implies a mechanism.
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False
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What are the 3 observations of natural selection?
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1) Populations increase geometrically through reproduction 2) All individuals are different (Mendell) 3) Populations remain constant due to lack of resources
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What are the 2 postulates that the 3 observations of natural selection led to?
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1) Individuals compete for resources 2) The most "fit" individual gets the right to mate and resources
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What does "Fitness" mean?
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It is the relative reproductive success of an individual in the long term.
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How is Fitness measured? What are the indirect indicators?
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-It is measured by the comparison of reproductive rates and survival rates between types. - Indirect indicators: Morphological, Physiological, Behavioral
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How do you define ADAPTATION?
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-A trait that increases fitness relative to an alternative trait.
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What are Life history traits?
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-Abiotic and biotic factors that act through natural selection to produce a suite of adaptations.
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True or False? Natural selection produces perfect adaptation.
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False- can't be perfect (No population has all possibilities available.
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True or False? Natural selection acts on the past and present.
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True-- can't anticipate future conditions.
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True or False? Natural selection acts only on the inherited components of an individual.
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True
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True or False? Natural selection acts on the population but is expressed by the individual.
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False-- Natural selection acts on the individual but is expressed by the populations.
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True or False? Favorable genes can produce both favorable and unfavorable effects.
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True
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True or False? Natural selection guards against the extinction of species.
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False
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What is Convergence?
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When other organisms of different ancestry adapt to similar environments and thus develop similar characteristics.
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What is Adaptive radiation?
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It is the divergence of a single lineage to provide a variety of forms. (different beak sizes in birds)
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What explains the distribution of similar species?
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-The movement of tectonic plates. -The movement of the Laurasia and Gondwanland.
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What are 3 bird species that live on different continents and are result of adaptive radiation?
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Rhea, Ostrich, and Emu
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How do you define an Abiotic environment?
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- A set of conditions that determine where an individual can live and reproduce.
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Define Conditions.
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- factors that affect an animal but are not influenced by the populations
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What is Introgression?
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The process of taking some feature of one species into the genome of another. (Hybridization)
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What is a ring species?
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A series of geographically neighboring populations that are closely related.
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What does allopatric mean with reference to genetic divergence?
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Populations isolated by geographic barriers.
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What does sympatric mean with reference to genetic divergence?
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When a species breaks up into different species within the same geographical area.
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What is Polymorphism ?
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The occurrence together in the same habitat of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in such proportions that the rarest of them cannot merely be maintained by recurrent mutation or immigration. (snow geese)
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What is Nutritional ecology?
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- The science of relating an animal to its environment through nutritional interaction using Survival, Reproduction, and Life history.
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What is the universal currency for survival? a. Water b. Energy b. Money c. Air
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b. Energy
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What is BMR?
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BMR is the Basal Metabolic Rate in which energy is being used when an animal is lying, calm or not stressed.
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True or False? The environment doesn't determine how high or low the BMR is for an animal.
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False
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How many amino acids are there?
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25
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List 5 of the 10 essential amino acids.
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1) Lysine 2) Valine 3) Leucine 4) Methionine 5) Arginine
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Which vitamins are water soluble?
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Vitamin C and B
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Which vitamins are fat soluble (stored in the body)?
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Vitamins A, D, E, K
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Optimal Foraging Theory
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a set of mathematical models predicting the patterns of animal behavior that might be favored by natural selection. OR An organism's ability to obtain forage that optimizes its fitness.
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What are some examples of important macroelements?
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Ca, P, Mg, Na
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What are some examples of important trace elements?
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Fe, Cu, S, Se
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What is the difference between preformed water and metabolic water?
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-Preformed water comes from the tissues of food. -Metabolic water comes from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
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What are the 3 major classes of secondary plant compounds? Give examples with each.
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1) Terpenes-- oils form citrus fruits 2) Soluble phenol compounds-- Condensed tannins 3) Alkaloids, cardenolides, and other compounds-- Nicotine
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What is the difference between Capital breeders and Income breeders?
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-Capital breeders have all their energy and nutrients for breeding from body stores before breeding. -Income breeders obtain the needed energy and nutrients for breeding at the time of reproduction.
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What is habitat management most often aimed at?
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Providing Food and Cover
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Name 3 REASONS WHY OPTIMAL FORAGING IS A GREAT STABILIZER.
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1) An adaptive predator shifts its attention away from some species as they become more rare. 2)
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What are two important Acts that contributed to wildlife management?
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- Pittman-Robertson Act - Dingel-Johnson Act
