WH Chapter 10: Muslim Civilization (Dutton) – Flashcards
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Hijra
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Journey made by Muhammed from Mecca to Yathrib
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Kaaba
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Temple Muhammed believed was built by Abraham; most holy place
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Hajj
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Religious pilgrimage to Mecca
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Jihad
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Struggle in God's service
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Sharia
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Muslim law based on Muhammed's behavior, Quran, and Muslim tradition
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Meaning of Islam
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Arabic word meaning to submit to God
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Among Arabs, loyalty to the Islam community replaced..
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Loyalty to one's family
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Umma
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Community of Islam
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Islam is similar to Judaism and Christianity because...
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It's monotheistic
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Five pillars of Islam
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1. Declaration 2. Daily prayer five times 3. Alms for poor 4. Fast for Ramadan 5. Make the Hajj
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Women in Islam
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Spiritually equal to men
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Under the early ____, Muslim civilization flourished.
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Abbasids
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Abu Bakr
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First caliph
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The ____, a Seljuk ruler, controlled Baghdad by 1055.
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Sultan
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Minaret
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Slim tower of a mosque
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Sufis
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Sought communion with God through meditation and fasting
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Persians and Byzantines
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First people conquered by the Muslims
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Key difference between Sunni and Shiite
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How the caliph should be chosen and his role
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Umayyad caliphate
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Expanded Arab rule with military conquests
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Significance of the Battle of Tours in 732
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Muslim advance into Western Europe halted
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Muslim culture also flourished in _____.
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Spain
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Omar Khayyám
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Author of The Rubáiyát, a poetry collection
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Ibn Khaldun
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Thinker who urged historians to investigate their sources
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Ibn Sina
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Persian physician known in Europe as Avicenna
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Social mobility
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Ability to move up in a class
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Firdawsi
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Writer of a history of Persia, Book of Kings
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Banks developed as a result of _____.
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A vast trading network
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Religion
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Recurring theme in Muslim art and literature
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Muslim scholars advanced in ______.
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Philosophy, mathematics, and medicine
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Muslim mathematicians pioneered the study of _____.
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Algebra
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Muhammad al-Razi is known for his book on ______.
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The art of calligraphy
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Sikhism
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A religion blending Islamic and Hindu influences
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Shah Jahan
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Builder of the Taj Mahal
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Babur
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Leader of a Turkish and Mongol invasion
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Rajah
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The name for a local Hindu ruler in India
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Akbar
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Chief builder of the Mughal empire
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One reason why Muslims were able to conquer northern India
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Hindu princes battled one another instead of the Muslim invaders.
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What result followed the Muslim invasion of India?
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Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of government
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Key difference between Hinduism and Islam
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Hinduism is polytheistic; Islam is monotheistic
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Urdu language
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Example of the blending of cultures in India
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How did Akbar strengthen his empire?
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Recognized diversity
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Istanbul
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Capital of Ottoman Empire; formerly Constantinople
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Qajars
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Muslim dynasty in present day Iran; late 1700s
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Janizaries
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Elite force of the Ottoman army
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Shah
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Safavid king
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Isfahan
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Capital of the Safavid empire; capital of silk trade
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570
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Muhammed born
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610
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Hears call from Gabriel
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622
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Muhammed's hijra to Yathrib; beginning of the Muslim calendar
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630-632
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Temple rededication to Allah; Arabs unite
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632
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Muhammad dies
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Importance of Muhammad's call from God
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From a messenger of God (gives credence to the religion if true); began Muslim faith
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People of the book
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Jews and Christians
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What technology enabled the Ottomans to capture Constantinople?
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The cannon
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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Greatest ruler of the Ottoman Empire
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Which statement best describes the Ottoman culture?
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Government officials worked with religious scholars
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How were the Safavids different from their neighbors?
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They were Persians and Shiites
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How did Shah Abbas strengthen the Safavid empire?
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He sought alliances with some European states
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651
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Persians fall to Arabic Muslims
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What was the significance of the Arab Muslims overtaking Persia?
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Islam culture spread a LOT
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1258
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Baghdad burned, Abbasid caliph begins
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1300s
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Tamerlane reclaims Middle East for Christianity
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1492
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Muslim rule ends in Spain
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Muslim economic achievements
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Banking, trade, accounting, entrepreneurs, artisan guilds that regulated prices, government improved farming
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Muslim art achievements
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Restricted holy religious art, illustrated medical texts, domes & minarets in cathedrals
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Muslim literature achievements
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Oral tradition, elaborate poetic tradition
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Two famous Muslim poets
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Firdawsi and Omar Khayyám
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Most famous Muslim work of literature
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Thousand and One Nights (our Aladdin)
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Ibn Rushd
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Reason and logic in philosophy
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Ibn Khaldun
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Historic standards; checking sources
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Al-Khwarizimi
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Pioneered algebra
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Muslim scientific achievements
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Advanced much; emergency rooms, exams, house calls
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Muhammed al-Razi and Ibn Sina
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Wrote medical books that were used for 500 years
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Muslim Turks and Afghans pushed into ______ around 1000.
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India
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What city became the Muslim capital in the late 1100s?
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Delhi
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How did Islam rise in India?
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Military, weak Hindu princes, and gained converts
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How did sultans introduce Muslim traditions?
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Used immigrants as soldiers, trade increased
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Why did India divide into Hindu and Muslim states in 1398?
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Mongols invaded
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Hindu beliefs
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Polytheism, castes, taxes; some converted to Islam
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Muslim beliefs
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Allah, equality, advancement; absorbed some Hindu customs
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Babur
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First Mughal shah; defeated Delhi
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Akbar the Great
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Strong central government, height of culture, peace in religion, began silk trade
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Akbar's successors
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Nur Jahan: son's wife, good ruler Shah Jahan: grandson
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Who built the Taj Mahal and why?
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Shah Jahan; tomb for his dead wife
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Capital and dates of the Ottoman Empire
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Istanbul; 1453-1700s
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Capital and dates of the Safavid empire
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Isfahan; early 1500's-1722
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Strongest Ottoman ruler
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Suleiman
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Strongest Safavid ruler
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Shah Abbas
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Extent of Ottoman Empire
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Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia across North Africa
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Extent of Safavid empire
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West: Ottoman Empire; East: Iran
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Ottoman type of Islam
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Sunni
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Safavid type of Islam
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Shiite
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Ottoman relationship with Europe
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Respected and feared
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Safavid relationship with Europe
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Sought alliances with Europe
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Men of the sword
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Military and warriors
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Men of the pen
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Poets, artists, writers
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Men of negotiation
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Merchants and sellers
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Men of husbandry
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Farmers/providers
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Millet
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Religious community
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Ottoman literature
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Persian and Arab models; royal architect: Sinan
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Janizaries
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Elite force of the Ottoman army
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Ottomans
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Turkish-speaking nomads
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Mahmet II
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Conquered Constantinople; changed name to Istanbul
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The Ottoman Empire flourished under
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Suleiman
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What happened to the government after Suleiman's death?
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It became corrupt and the empire declined
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When did the Ottomans have the biggest influence?
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Through the 1500s
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Abbas the Great
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Shah; centralized government; tolerated non-Muslims; cultural variety
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Isfahan
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New trade capital of Safavid empire
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Safavid Empire
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Warfare; faded after Abbas; Shiite scholars challenged shahs
