WGU Project Management Answers – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The project management standard developed by the Project Management Institute.
answer
A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)
question
A type of decision model that compares the benefits obtained from a variety of new project requests by evaluating them using the same criteria and comparing the results.
answer
Benefit measurement methods
question
When team members work together at the same physical location
answer
Co-located
question
Decision models that use complex principles of statistics and other mathematical concepts to assess a proposed project.
answer
Constrained optimization models
question
A commonly used benefit measurement method that calculates the cost of producing the product, service, or result of the project and compares this to the financial gain the project is expected to generate.
answer
Cost-benefit analysis
question
A formal method of project selection that helps managers make the best use of limited budgets and human resources. Includes benefit measurement methods and constrained optimization models.
answer
Decision model
question
Compares the value of the future cash flows of the project to today's dollars.
answer
Discounted cash flow (DCF)
question
A type of benefit measurement method. It is a series of financial calculations that provide data on the overall financials of the project and is generally used as a project selection technique.
answer
Economic model
question
A technique used in project selection, determining estimates, and determining other related project information that relies on the knowledge of those with expertise on the requested subject matter. Expert judgment can come from, stakeholders, other departments, consultants, team members, vendors, or industry groups.
answer
Expert judgment
question
Undertaken to determine whether the project is a viable project, the probability of project success, and the viability of the product of the project
answer
Feasibility study
question
A form of organizational structure. Functional organizations are traditional organizations with hierarchical reporting structures.
answer
Functional organization
question
The discount rate when the present value of the cash inflows equals the original investment. Projects with higher IRR values are generally considered better than projects with lower IRR values. Assumes that cash inflows are reinvested at the IRR value.
answer
Internal rate of return (IRR)
question
An organizational structure where employees report to one functional manager and at least on project manager. Functional managers assign employees to projects and carry out administrative duties, while project managers assign tasks associated with the project to team members and execute the project.
answer
Matrix organization
question
Evaluation of the cash inflows using the discounted cash flow technique, which is applied to each period the inflows are expected. NPV subtracts the initial project investment from the total cash flow in today's dollars. It is similar to discounted cash flows.
answer
Net present value
question
Operations typically involve ongoing functions that support the production of goods or services. They don't have a beginning or an end.
answer
Operations
question
The length of time it takes a company to recover the initial cost of producing the product or service of the project.
answer
Payback period
question
A grouping of related projects that are managed together to capitalize on benefits that couldn't be achieved if the projects were managed separately.
answer
Program
question
Temporary in nature, with a definite start and end date; creates a unique product, service, or result. It is completed when the goals and objectives of the project have been met and signed off on by the stakeholders.
answer
Project
question
Applying skills, knowledge, and project management tools and techniques to fulfill the project requirements.
answer
Project management
question
The world's leading professional project management association.
answer
Project Management Institute (PMI)
question
The nine project management groupings, or Knowledge Areas, that bring together common or related processes. They are Integration, Scope, Time, Cost, Quality, Human Resource, Communications, Risk ; Procurement.
answer
Project management knowledge areas
question
Established by organizations to create and maintain procedures and standards for project management methodologies to be used throughout the organization.
answer
Project management office (PMO)
question
The person responsible for applying the skills, knowledge, and project management tools and techniques to the project activities to successfully complete the project objectives.
answer
Project manager
question
Measures that the project manager uses to determine whether the project is on track, such as any deviation from the baseline schedule or the baseline budget.
answer
Project performance indicators
question
A document, or assortment of documents, that constitutes what the project is, what the project will deliver, and how all the processes will be managed. Used as the guideline throughout the project Executing and Controlling phases to track and measure project performance and to make future project decisions. Also used as a communication and information tool for stakeholders, team members, and management.
answer
Project plan
question
Used to determine which proposed projects are approved to move forward
answer
Project selection
question
An organizational structure focused on projects. Project managers generally have ultimate authority over the project, and sometimes supporting departments such as human resources and accounting might report to the project manager. Project managers are responsible for making project decisions and acquiring and assigning resources.
answer
Project-based organization
question
One of the benefit measurement methods used for project selection. It contains a predefined list of criteria against which each project is ranked. Each criterion has a scoring range and a weighting factor. A scoring model can also be used as a tool to select from among competing vendors.
answer
Scoring model
question
An event or action believed to be true for planning purposes. Project assumptions should always be documented.
answer
Assumption
question
The person in charge of understanding the business unit's needs when assessing a project request. The business analyst might be assigned directly from the business unit itself or may be part of the IT organization.
answer
Business analyst
question
Formally documents components of the project assessment, including a description of the analysis method and the results.
answer
Business case
question
Applying changes to an IT system and putting those elements into place based on a project request and a business analyst's examination of the workflow--how people handle their work relative to the request.
answer
Business process reengineering
question
The requirements that describe how the business objectives of the project will be met
answer
Business requirements
question
A process that documents the final delivery and acceptance of the project and is where hand-off occurs to the operational unit. Lessons learned are performed during this process, and project team members are released.
answer
Closing
question
Describes a software application that is purchased from a re-seller, vendor, or manufacturer.
answer
Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)
question
The recipient of the product or service created by the project. In some organizations this stakeholder may also be referred to as the client
answer
Customer
question
A project that will be used by users throughout the enterprise.
answer
Enterprise project
question
This project process group is where the work of the project is performed.
answer
Executing
question
A schedule compression technique where two activities that were previously scheduled to start sequentially start at the same time. Fast-tracking reduces schedule duration.
answer
Fast-tracking
question
These define what the product of the project will do by focusing on how the end user will interact with the product.
answer
Functional requirements
question
These explain the major characteristics of the product and describe the relationship between need and the product requested. This is also referred to as a product description.
answer
High-level requirements
question
The first process in a project life cycle and the first of the five project process groups. This is the formal acknowledgment that the project should begin. The primary result of this process is the project charter.
answer
Initiating
question
This project process group is where activities are performed to monitor the progress of the project and determine whether there are variances from the project plan. Corrective actions are taken during this process to get the project back on course.
answer
Monitoring and Controlling
question
A project that is initiated by multiple units.
answer
Multiple business unit project
question
The process group where the project plans are developed that will be used throughout the project to direct, monitor, and control weak results. The primary result of this process is the project plan.
answer
Planning
question
The person who fully understands, believe in, and espouses the benefits of the project to the organization. This is the cheerleader for the project.
answer
Project champion
question
An official, written acknowledgment and recognition that a project exists. It's signed by the project sponsor and gives the project manager authority to assign organizational resources to the work of the project.
answer
Project charter
question
Documents the key characteristics of the project or service that will be created by the project.
answer
Project description
question
The grouping of project phases in a sequential order from the beginning of the project to the close.
answer
Project life cycle
question
A document that is sent out to potential vendors requesting them to provide a proposal on a product or service.
answer
Request for proposal (RFP)
question
An executive in the organization with authority to allocate funds, assign resources, and enforce decisions regarding the project.
answer
Sponsor
question
A person or an organization that has something to gain or lose as a result of the project. Most stakeholders have a vested interest in the outcomes of the project.
answer
Stakeholder
question
Contains the details of a procurement item in clear, concise terms and includes the project objectives, a description of the work of the project, and concise specifications of the project or services required.
answer
Statement of work (SOW)
question
Also known as nonfunctional requirements, the product characteristics needed for the product to perform the functional requirements. Technical requirements typically refer to information technology-related projects. They are typically the elements and functions that happen behind the scenes of a program to meet the client's request.
answer
Technical requirements
question
According to Comp TIA, time, cost, and quality. Other sources cite scope rather than quality in their definitions of the triple constraints.
answer
Triple constraint
question
The process and the criteria that will be used to determine whether the deliverables are acceptable and satisfactory.
answer
Acceptance criteria
question
Elements that must be completed in order for the project to be considered complete. Critical success factors that are not satisfactory can lead to project failure.
answer
Critical success factor
question
The process of breaking project deliverables down into smaller, manageable components of work so that work packages can be planned and estimated.
answer
Decomposition
question
Help you determine whether the project is on track and progressing as planned by monitoring the project against predetermined criteria.
answer
Key performance indicators (KPI's)
question
A high-level estimate of the time and cost of a project based on the actual cost and duration of a similar project.
answer
Order of magnitude
question
Explains the major characteristics of the product and describes the relationship between the business need and the product. This is also referred to as high-level requirements.
answer
Product description
question
Documentation in the project charter that included the reason the project is being undertaken and the business need the project will address.
answer
Project justification
question
The minor changes or small additions that are made to the project outside of a formal scope change process that cause project scope to grow and change.
answer
Scope creep
question
Per the PMBOK Guide, the process of breaking down the major deliverables from the scope statement to create the WBS. For purposes of the Comp TIA objectives and exam, scope definition is used in a much broader sense to cover several scope planning elements, including the scope statement and the scope management plan.
answer
Scope definition
question
Defines the process for preparing the scope statement and the WBS. This also documents the process that manages project scope and changes to project scope.
answer
Scope management plan
question
The process of defining the scope management plan, the scope statement, and the WBS and WBS dictionary.
answer
Scope planning
question
Documents the product description, key deliverables, success and acceptance criteria, key performance indicators, exclusions, assumptions, and constraints. The scope statement is used as a baseline for future project decisions.
answer
Scope statement
question
The date when the project manager measures how much has been spent on a specific task.
answer
Status date
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates,
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
A deliverable-oriented hierarchy that defines that defines the total work of the project. Each level has more detailed information than the previous lever
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS)
question
A document that describes the deliverables and their components, the code of accounts identifier, estimates, resources, criteria for acceptance, and any other information that helps clarify the deliverables.
answer
Work breakdown structure (WBS) dictionary
question
Indentifying the activities of the project that need to be performed to produce the product or service of the project.
answer
Activity definition
question
Assessing the number of work periods needed to complete he project activities. Work periods are usually expressed in hours and days. Large projects might express duration in weeks or months.
answer
Activity duration
question
A list of all the activities required to complete the work of the project that also includes an identifier code and the WBS code it's associated with. Activities are broken down from the work package level of the WBS.
answer
Activity list
question
Sequencing activities in logical order and determining whether dependencies exist among the activities.
answer
Activity sequencing
question
An estimating technique that uses the actual duration of a similar, completed activity to determine the duration of the current activity. This is also called top=down estimating.
answer
Analogous estimating
question
Calculating late start and late finish dates by starting at the end of a network diagram and working back through each path until reaching to start of the network diagram. This is part of critical path method (CPM), which is a mathematical technique to develop the project schedule.
answer
Backward pass
question
This is a schedule compression technique that adds resources to the project to reduce the time it takes to complete the project.
answer
Crashing
question
The longest path through the project. Activities with zero float are considered critical path tasks.
answer
Critical path (CP)
question
A schedule development method that determines a single early and late start date, early and late finish date, and the float for each activity on the project.
answer
Critical path method (CPM)
question
The relationship between project activities.
answer
Dependencies
question
The type of dependency between two activities and the specific relationship between the activities.
answer
Dependency relationships
question
A type of dependency that the project manager and project team choose to impose on the project schedule, such as the uses of an established corporate practice.
answer
Discretionary dependency
question
Defines how revisions are made, the version numbering system, and the placement of the version number and revision date.
answer
Document control process
question
The use of techniques such as fast-tracking or crashing to shorten the planned duration of a project or to resolve schedule slippage.
answer
Duration compression
question
The earliest date an activity may finish as logically constrained by the network diagram.
answer
Early finish
question
The earliest date an activity may start as logically constrained by the network diagram.
answer
Early start
question
A type of dependency where a relationship between a project task and a factor outside the project, such as weather conditions, drives the scheduling of that task.
answer
External dependency
question
A project task relationship in which the finish of the successor task is dependent on the finish of the predecessor task.
answer
Finish-to-finish
question
A project task relationship in which the successor task cannot begin until the predecessor task has been completed.
answer
Finish-to-start
question
The amount of time the early start of a task may be delayed without delaying the finish date of the project. Also known as slack time.
answer
Float time
question
The process of working from the left to the right of a network diagram in order to calculate early start and early finish dates for each activity.
answer
Forward pass
question
Any process that is repeated more than once. The five process groups are repeated throughout the project's life because of change requests, responses to change, corrective action, and so on.
answer
Iterative process
question
The latest date an activity can complete without impacting the project end date.
answer
Late finish
question
The latest date an activity can start without impacting the project end date.
answer
Late start
question
The dependency relationships that may exist between tasks. Finish-to-start is the most common logical relationship.
answer
Logical relationships
question
A type of dependency where the relationship between two tasks is created by the type of work the project requires.
answer
Mandatory dependency
question
Calculating theoretical early and late start and finish dates for all project activities.
answer
Mathematical analysis
question
A depiction of project activities and the interrealtionships between these activities.
answer
Network didgram
question
A quantitatively based estimating technique that is typical calculated by multiplying rate times quantity.
answer
Parametric estimating
question
A network diagramming method that places activities on nodes, which connect to dependent activities using arrows. Also known as activity on node.
answer
Precedence diagramming method (PDM)
question
A task on the network diagram that occurs before another task.
answer
Predecessor
question
An investigation at project request time to determine the costs and benefits of the project, as well as examine alternatives to the proposed solution in order to determine the feasibility of carrying out the project.
answer
Preliminary investigation
question
Calculates the expected value, or weighted average, of critical path tasks to determine project duration by using three estimates: most likely, pessimistic, and optimistic. The PERT calculation is (optimistic + pessimistic = (4 x most likely))/6.
answer
Program evaluation and review (PERT)
question
Carrying out the project plan. Activities are clarified, the work is authorized to begin, resources are committed and assigned to activities, and the product or service of the project is created. The largest portion of the project budget will be spent during this process.
answer
Project execution
question
Determines the start and finish dates for project activities and assigns resources to the activities.
answer
Project schedule
question
A duration estimate obtained by applying a productivity rate of the resource performing the task.
answer
Quantitatively based durations
question
The final, approved project schedule that is used during project execution to monitor project progress.
answer
Schedule baseline
question
Calculating and preparing the schedule of project activities, which becomes the schedule baseline. It determines activity start and finish dates, finalizes activity sequences and durations, and determines activity duration estimates.
answer
Schedule development
question
Putting the project activities in the order in which they will take place.
answer
Sequencing
question
The amount of time allowed to delay the early start of a task without delaying the finish date of the project. This is also known as float time.
answer
Slack time
question
A task relationship where the finish of the successor task is dependent on the start of its predecessor.
answer
Start-to-finish
question
A project task relationship where the start of the successor task depends on the start of the predecessor task.
answer
Start-to-start
question
A task on the network diagram that occurs after another task.
answer
Successor
question
An estimating technique that uses actual durations from similar activities on a previous project. This is also referred to as analogous estimating.
answer
Top-down estimating
question
A meeting held by the buyer with potential vendors during the procurement process to allow vendors to ask questions and get clarification on the project.
answer
Bidder conference
question
Determines the communication needs of the stakeholders, when and how the information will be received, and who will receive the information
answer
Communications planning
question
A legally binding document that describes the work that will be performed, how the work will be compensated, and any penalties for noncompliance.
answer
Contract
question
Provides the seller with payment for all costs incurred to deliver or produce the product or service requested.
answer
Cost-reimbursable contract
question
a. Resources such as servers, specialized test equipment, or additional PC's that are required for a project. b. One of the categories of project resources. It included test tools, servers, PC's, or other related items required to complete the project.
answer
Equipment
question
A contract that states a fixed fee for the work that the vendor will perform.
answer
Fixed-priced contracts
question
Planned communications such as project kickoff meetings, team status meetings, written status reports, or team-building sessions.
answer
Formal communications
question
The people with the background and skills to complete the tasks on the project schedule.
answer
Human resources
question
Defining team member roles and responsibilities, establishing an appropriate structure for team reporting, securing the right team members, and bringing them on the project as needed for the appropriate length of time.
answer
Human resources planning
question
Unplanned or ad hoc communications, including phone calls, emails, conversations in the hallway, or impromptu meetings.
answer
Informal communications
question
A mathematical formula that determines the number of lines of communication between participants in a meeting. The formula n(n-1)/2, where n represents the number of participants.
answer
Lines of communication
question
Determines the cost effectiveness of producing goods or services in-house vs. procuring them from outside the organization.
answer
Make-or-buy analysis
question
A catchall category of project resources that includes software, utility requirements such as electricity or water, any supplies needed for the project, or other consumable goods.
answer
Materials
question
The process of addressing factors that may impact how to manage a project team, defining roles and responsibilities for project team members, identifying how the project team will be organized, and documenting a staffing management plan.
answer
Organizational planning
question
The process of identifying what goods or services will be purchased from outside the organization. It uses make-or-buy analysis to determine whether goods or services should be purchased outside the organization or produced internally
answer
Procurement planning
question
A type of responsibility assignment matrix that describes the resources needed for the task and their role for that task using the following descriptors: responsible, accountable, consult, or inform.
answer
RACI chart
question
A process that defines and documents all the resources needed and the quantity of resources needed to perform project activities, including human, material, and equipment resources.
answer
Resource planning
question
A listing of all the job titles within a company or department with a brief description of the job. It may also identify the number of people currently employed in each job title.
answer
Resource pool description
question
A document containing a description of the resources needed from all three resource types for work package items from the WBS
answer
Resource requirements
question
A resource chart that defines the WBS identifier, the resource type needed for the WBS element, and the quantity of resources needed for the task. A WBS is displayed in chart form.
answer
Responsibility assignment matrix (RAM)
question
A requirement that a product or service must be obtained from a single vendor in government work; also includes justification.
answer
Sole source
question
Obtaining bids and proposals from vendors in response to RFPs and similar procurement documents prepared during the solicitation process.
answer
Solicitation
question
Obtaining human resources and assigning them to the project. Human resources may come from inside or outside the organization.
answer
Staff acquisition
question
Document when and how human resources will be added to and released from the project team and what they will be working on while they are part of the team.
answer
Staffing management plan
question
A type of contract where the buyer and the seller agree on a unit rate, such as the hourly rate for a programmer. The total cost is unknown and will depend on the amount of time spent to produce the product.
answer
Time and materials contract
question
Costs of quality that covers the activities that keep the product defects from reaching the client, including inspection, testing, and formal quality audits.
answer
Appraisal costs
question
Compares previous similar activities to the current project activities to provide a standard to measure performance against. It's often used to derive ideas for quality improvements for the project.
answer
Benchmarking
question
Individually estimating each work package, all of which are then rolled up, or added together, to come up with a total project estimate. This is a very accurate means of estimating, provided the estimates at the work package level are accurate.
answer
Bottom-up estimating
question
Integrates all planning data into one document that the project manager can use as a guidebook to oversee the project work during the Executing and Controlling phases.
answer
Comprehensive project plan
question
An amount of money or time set aside and dedicated to the project to be used to cover unforeseen costs or time that was not identified as part of the planning process.
answer
Contingency reserve
question
The process of monitoring vendor performance and ensuring all the requirements of the contract are met.
answer
Contract administration
question
The total approved, expected cost of the project created in the planning process. It's used as a comparison to actual project expenses throughout the remainder of the project.
answer
Cost baseline
question
Assigning cost estimates to activities and creating the cost baseline, which measures the performance of the project throughout the project's life.
answer
Cost budgeting
question
Developing an estimation of the cost of resources needed for each project activity.
answer
Cost estimating
question
The cost of all of the work required to assure the project meets the quality standards. The three costs associated with the cost of quality are prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs.
answer
Cost of quality
question
An estimating technique that assigns a cost estimate to each work package in the project WBS. This is the most accurate of the cost estimating techniques, which typically falls withing -5 percent and +10 percent of the actual budget.
answer
Definitive estimate
question
An output or result that must be completed in order to consider the project complete or to move forward to the next phase of the project. Deliverables are tangible and can be measured and easily proved.
answer
Deliverable
question
The cost if the product fails, including downtime, used support, rework, and scrapping the project.
answer
Failure cost
question
A diagram that shows the logical steps that must be performed in order to accomplish an objective. It can also show how the individual elements of a system interrelate.
answer
Flowchard
question
The consequences imposed if a risk event occurs on the project.
answer
Impact
question
A rate used for cost estimating of human resources that included a percentage of the salary to cover employee benefits, such as medical, disability, or pension plans.
answer
Loaded rate
question
A standard of measurement that specifically defines how something will be measured.
answer
Metric
question
A major deliverable of key event on the project used to measure project progress.
answer
Milestone
question
The cost of activities performed to avoid quality problems, including quality planning, training, and any product or process testing.
answer
Prevention costs
question
The likelihood a risk event will occur. Probability is expressed as a number between 0.0 and 1.0.
answer
Probability
question
Determining the impact of identified risks on the project and the probability they'l occur. Aligns risks in a priority order according to their effect on the project objectives.
answer
Qualitative risk analysis
question
Describes how the project management team will enact the quality policy and documents the resources needed to carry out the quality plan. It describes the responsibilities of the project team in implementing quality and outlines all the processes and procedures the project team and organization will use to satisfy quality requirements.
answer
Quality management plan
question
Identifying the quality standards applicable for te project and how they'll be fulfilled.
answer
Quality planning
question
A complex analysis technique that uses a mathematical approach to numerically analyse the probability and impact of risk events.
answer
Quantitative risk analysis
question
A potential future event that can have either negative or positive consequences.
answer
Risk
question
The process used to identify and focus on those risks that are the most critical to the success of your project.
answer
Risk analysis
question
Identifying the potential project risks and documenting their characteristics.
answer
Risk identification
question
A numbered list of risks that are produced during the risk identification process and that are documented within a risk register.
answer
Risk list
question
Details how risk management processes will be implemented, monitored, and controlled throughout the life of the project. It does not define responses to individual risks.
answer
Risk management plan
question
Identifying, analyzing, and determining how risk events will be managed for a project.
answer
Risk planning
question
A process that describes how to reduce threats and take advantage of opportunities, documents the plan for negative and positive risk events, and assigns owners to each risk.
answer
Risk response planning
question
An event that warns a risk is imminent and a response plan should be implemented.
answer
Risk trigger
question
The total time it takes for a person to complete a task if they did nothing else from the time they started until the task is complete.
answer
Work effort
question
The lowest level in a WBS. Team assignments, time estimates, and cost estimates can be made at this level. On very large projects, this level is handed off to sub-project managers who develop their own WBS to fulfill the requirements of the work package deliverable.
answer
Work package
question
A conflict-resolution technique that occurs with one party refuses to talk anymore about the issue and physically leaves. This is an example of a lose-lose conflict-resolution technique. This technique is also know as withdrawl.
answer
Avoiding
question
A conflict-resolution technique where each party involved gives up something to reach a resolution. This is not generally a permanent solution.
answer
Compromise
question
A conflict-resolution technique that is also known as problem solving. This is the best way to resolve conflicts and involves fact finding to bear out the solution. This is a win-win conflict-resolution technique.
answer
Confronting
question
This is a conflict-resolution technique where one party forces their solution on the others. This is an example of a win-lose conflict resolution technique.
answer
Forcing
question
An amount of money set aside by upper management to cover future expenses that can't be predicted during project planning.
answer
Managerial reserve
question
Negotiating is a leadership technique and a conflict-resolution technique. Negotiating is the act of two or more parties explaining their needs and coming to a mutual agreement on a resolution.
answer
Negotiating
question
Reports from project team members listing the tasks each team member is working on,m the current progress of each task, and the work remaining.
answer
Progress reports
question
A project that undertakes to prove that a specific activity can be done or an idea can be accomplished.
answer
Proof of concept
question
A way to get diverse groups of people to work together efficiently and effectively. This is the responsibility of the project manager. It can involve activities performed together as a group or individually designed to improve team performance.
answer
Team building
question
Creating an open, encouraging environment for stakeholders to contribute, as well as developing the project team into an effective, functioning, coordinated group.
answer
Team development
question
A board responsible for reviewing and approving, denying, or delaying change requests. The change control board is usually made up of stakeholders, managers, project team members, and others who might have an interest in the project.
answer
Change control board (CCB)
question
Describes the characteristics of the product of the project and ensures the description is accurate and complete. Controls changes to the characteristics of an item and tracks the changes made or requested and their status. It is usually a subset of the change control process in most organizations, or it may serve as the change control system.
answer
Configuration management
question
Anything that either restricts the actions of the project team or dictates the actions of the project team.
answer
Constraint
question
A type of change request that typically occurs during the Monitoring and Controlling processes. Corrective actions bring the work of the project back into alignment with the project plan.
answer
Corrective actions
question
A type of change request that typically comes about during the Monitoring and Controlling process group. Defect repairs either correct or replace components that are substandard or are malfunctioning.
answer
Defect repairs
question
A process that influences the factors that cause change, determines that a change is needed or has happened, and manages and monitors change. All other change control processes are integrated with this process.
answer
Integrated change control
question
Collecting information regarding project progress and project accomplishments and reporting it to the stakeholders, project team members, management team, and other interested parties. It also makes predictions regarding future project performance.
answer
Performance reporting
question
A type of change request that usually occur during the Monitoring and Controlling process group. Preventive actions are implemented to help reduce the probability of a negative risk event.
answer
Preventive action
question
Setting a new project baseline because of substantial changes to the schedule or the budget.
answer
Rebaselining
question
The specifications and characteristics of the goal or deliverable.
answer
Requirement
question
An update to the approved start or end date of the schedule baseline, typically a result of approved scope changes.
answer
Revision
question
The process that involves implementing the risk response plan, tracking and monitoring identified risks, and identifying and responding to new risks as they occur.
answer
Risk monitoring and control
question
The process of documenting and managing change to the project schedule.
answer
Schedule control
question
Any change that is made to the project schedule as part of the ongoing work involved with managing the project.
answer
Schedule update
question
The description of the work involved to complete the project. It defines both what is included in the project and what is excluded from the project.
answer
Scope
question
The process of documenting and managing changes to project scope. Any modification to the agreed-upon WBS is considered a scope change. Changes in product scope will require changes to project scope, and scope changes always require schedule changes.
answer
Scope control
question
A process that concerns formally accepting the deliverables of the project and obtaining sign-off that they're complete.
answer
Scope verification
question
The decision to tolerate the defects that are found as a result of the quality testing. This is also a tool for risk response planning.
answer
Acceptance
question
The cost to complete a component of work in a given time period. Actual costs include direct and indirect costs.
answer
Actual cost (AC)
question
The total amount of the project budget for a work package, control account, or schedule activity, or for the project.
answer
Budget at completion (BAC)
question
A Quality Control technique that shows the relationship between the effects of problems and their causes. This is also known as an Ishikawa diagram and a fishbone diagram.
answer
Cause-and-effect diagram
question
Variances that come about as a result of circumstances that are common to the process you're performing and are easily controlled at the operational level. The three types of common cause variances are random, known or predictable, and variances that are always present in the process.
answer
Common causes of variances
question
Documents the types of information needs the stakeholders have, when the information should be distributed, and how the information will be delivered.
answer
Communication management plan
question
A graph of the variance of several samples of the same process over time based on a mean, an upper control limit, and a lower control limit.
answer
Control chart
question
A process that measures the project spending to date, determines whether changes have occurred to the cost baseline, and takes action to deal with the changes. This process monitors the budget and manages changes to the cost baseline.
answer
Cost control
question
Measures the value of the work completed at the measurement date against actual cost. This is the most critical of all EVM measurements. The formula is CPI=EV/AC.
answer
Cost performance index (CPI)
question
The difference between a task's value at the measurement date and its actual cost. The formula is CV=eV-AC.
answer
Cost variance
question
The value of the work completed to date as it compares to the budgeted amount for the work component.
answer
Earned Value (EV)
question
EVM is a tool and technique of the Cost Control process that compares what you've received or produced as the measurement date to what you've spent. The three measurements needed to perform earned value measurement are planned value (PV), actual cost (AC), and earned value (EV).
answer
Earned value measurement (EVM)
question
A forecast of the total cost of the project based on both current project performance and the remaining work. The formula is EAC=AC+ETC.
answer
Estimate at completion (EAC)
question
The cost estimate for the remaining project work. This estimate is provided by the project team members.
answer
Estimate to complete (ETC)
question
Providing stakeholders with information regarding the project in a timely manner via status reports, project meetings, review meetings, email, and so on. The communications management plan is put into action during this process.
answer
Information distribution
question
A quality control technique that includes examining, measuring, or testing work results.
answer
Inspection
question
A Quality Control technique that shows the relationship between the effects of problems and their causes. This is also known as a cause-and-effect diagram and fishbone diagram.
answer
Ishikawa diagram
question
A Quality Control technique used to rank importance of a problem based on its frequency of occurrence over time. This diagram is based on the Pareto principle, more commonly referred to as the 80/20 rule, which says that the majority of defects are caused by a small set of problems.
answer
Pareto diagram
question
The cost of work that's been budgeted for an activity during a certain time period.
answer
Planned value (PV)
question
A Quality Control tool and technique that keeps errors from reaching the customer. Prevention is less expensive than having to fix problems after they've occurred.
answer
Prevention
question
Monitoring work results to see whether they fulfill the quality standards set out in the quality management plan; determines whether the end product confirms to the requirements and product description defined during the planning process.
answer
Quality control
question
This process is where the project manager gathers and documents the collection of baseline data for the project. Baseline data includes cost, schedule, scope, and quality data. Performance report information is delivered to the stakeholders at project status meetings and steering committee meetings.
answer
Report Performance
question
An action that is taken as a result of quality activities to correct a defect.
answer
Rework
question
A Quality Control tool and technique that shows variation in the process over time or shows trends such as improvements or the lack of improvements in the process.
answer
Run chart
question
Measures the progress to date against the progress that was planned. The SPI indicator acts as an efficiency rating. If the result is greater than one, performance is better than expected, and you're ahead of schedule. If it's less than one, performance is less than expected, and you're behind schedule. The formula is SPI=EV/PV.
answer
Scheduled performance index (SPI)
question
The difference between a task's progress as compared to its estimated progress represented in terms of cost. The formula is SV=EV-PV.
answer
Schedule variance (SV)
question
The projected performance level that must be achieved in the remaining work of the project in order to satisfy financial or schedule goals. The formula is TCPI=(BAC-EV)/(BAC-AC).
answer
To-complete performance index (TCPI)
question
A mathematical technique that can be used to predict future defects based on historical results.
answer
Trend analysis
question
The comparison of planned project results with actual project results. The formula is VAC=BAC-EAC.
answer
Variance analysis
question
A type of project ending that occurs when projects evolve into ongoing operations.
answer
Addition
question
A process that involves gathering and disseminating information to formalize project closure. The completion of each project phase requires Administrative Closure also. The primary purpose of this process is to gather lessons learned and distribute the notice of acceptance.
answer
Administrative closure
question
A process that concerns completing and setting the terms of the contract and documenting its acceptance.
answer
Close Procurements
question
The process of completing and settling the terms of the contract and determining whether the work described in the contract was completed accurately and satisfactorily.
answer
Contract closeout
question
This is a type of project ending that occurs when the project is completed and accepted by the stakeholders.
answer
Extinction
question
A type of project ending where the resources of the project are reassigned or redeployed to other projects or other activities within the organization.
answer
Integration
question
Information gathered throughout the project (and again at the end of a project phase or the end of the project) that documents the successes and failures of the project. This information is used to benefit the current project and future projects.
answer
Lessons learned
question
Performed when a project is canceled or ends prematurely. It describes the reasons for cancellation or failure and documents the deliverables that were completed.
answer
Post-mortem analysis
question
Conducted at the end of the project to document lessons learned.
answer
Post-project review
question
Occurs in the Close Procurements process and determines whether the work of the contract is acceptable and satisfactory.
answer
Product verification
question
The formal acceptance of a project and the activities required to formally end the project work.
answer
Project closure
question
A formal presentation by the project manager or project team members to the sponsor, the client, and the other executive stakeholders.
answer
Project review
question
A type of project ending where resources are cut off from the project.
answer
Starvation
