Western Civ. 2 Mid-Term – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
John Locke
answer
viewed the exercise of political power differently than Hobbes and argued against the absolute rule of one man; wrote a political work called Two Treaties of Government; began with the state of nature before human existence became organized socially; believed humans lived in a state of equality and freedom and had certain inalienable natural rights; did not believe all was well in state of nature; established gov.
question
Bill of Rights
answer
first 10 amendments to the constitution; laid foundation for a constitutional monarchy; affirmed Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament only with the consent of Parliament
question
Versailles
answer
new royal residence of Louis XIV, reception hall for state affairs, and office building, and home of thousand of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers; became symbol for the French absolutist state and the power of the Sun King, Louis XIV
question
Isaac Newton
answer
inaugurated the law of universal gravitation; born in the English village of Woolsthorpe in 1642; attended Cambridge University; invented the calculus; wrote Principia; president of the Royal Society
question
William Henry
answer
attended Cambridge and Padua; wrote Motion of the Heart and Blood; demonstrated that the live was the beginning point of the circulation of the blood
question
Rene Descartes
answer
believed in separation of mind and matter; father of modern rationalism; important figure in Western history; received a Jesuit education; wrote Discourse on Method
question
Katharina von Bora
answer
a former nun that married Martin Luther in 1525; their union provided a model of married and family life for the new Protestant minister
question
Thomas Cranmer
answer
archbishop of Canterbury in 15322; ruled that the king's marriage to Catherine was "null and absolutely void" and validated Henry's to Anne
question
Ferdinand Magellan
answer
Portuguese explorer who found the saw passage to Asia through American by the Pacific Ocean
question
Treaty of Tordesillas
answer
1494 treaty that divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence
question
Martin Luther, an ___________ monk criticized the sales of ___________ in his famous __ Thesis.
answer
Augustinian, indulgences, 95
question
In the greatest social upheaval of his lifetime, the Peasants War, Luther sided with the German _______ against the German ________. Order was necessary her argued for the spread of the ______.
answer
princes, peasants, gospel
question
The British North American Colonies had their own __________ and their merchants ________ and _______ all British attempts at colonial regulation
answer
legislature, resented, resisted
question
American and French used Englishman John Locke's theories to demand ____________ government, the rule of ____, and protection of ______.
answer
constitutional, Law, Rights
question
Peering through his telescope, Galileo discovered ________, on the moon, Jupiter's four ______ and ____ spots.
answer
mountains, moons, sun
question
The Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century:
answer
Although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries
question
The origins of the Scientific Revolution can be traced to:
answer
The work of a very small number of great European intellectuals
question
All of the following are considered possible influences and caused of the Scientific Revolution:
answer
**Mathematical and naturalistic skills of Renaissance artist **The Hermetic belief in magic and alchemy **The humanists' rediscovery of Greek mathematicians and thinkers
question
Which ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars
answer
Galileo
question
According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of the things?
answer
Mathematics
question
Scholars devoted to Hermeticism believed
answer
Saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use math & magic dominate nature
question
The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was
answer
The Earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it
question
The greatest achievement in science during the 16th and 17th centuries came in what three areas?
answer
Astronomy, mechanics, and medicine
question
The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also know as:
answer
The geocentric conception
question
Copernicus's heliocentric theory was:
answer
Based on the observations of several earlier astronomers and his own computations
question
Copernicus was a native of:
answer
Poland
question
The immediate reaction of cleric to the theories of Copernicus was?
answer
Immediate condemnation, especially by the Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their notions of creation
question
The ideas of Copernicus were:
answer
Nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy
question
Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories:
answer
Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical
question
Tycho Brahe:
answer
Recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built with royal financial ass. at Uramiborg castle
question
Kepler's laws of planetary motion:
answer
Gained acceptance despite disproving the great Aristotle's conviction that the motion of planets was steady & unchanging
question
One of the dramatic findings of Galileo's observations was:
answer
That planets were not made of some perfect substance but had natural properties similar to the earth
question
The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was:
answer
Galileo
question
The Catholic Roman Inquisition attacked Galileo for his scientific ideas with the encouragement of:
answer
Elements within the church pledged to defend ancients Aristotelian ideas and Catholic orthodoxy
question
Galileo's Dialogue on Two World Systems was really an attempt to:
answer
Support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience
question
What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?
answer
him to recant in a public trail
question
Galileo's ideas on motion included:
answer
The principle of inertia
question
Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries:
answer
Although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent
question
In Newton's Principia, he demonstrated through his rules of reasoning that the universe was:
answer
A regulated machine operating according to universal law
question
Newton's universal law of gravitation proved that:
answer
Through its mathematical proof it could explain all motion in the universe
question
The Greco-Roman doctor who had the most influence on medieval medical thought was:
answer
Galen
question
Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the 16th century by:
answer
Advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine
question
Not associated with major changed in the 16th and 17th century medical research:
answer
Galen
question
On the Fabric of the Human Body:
answer
Was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure
question
William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of:
answer
The liver as the beginning point of circulation of blood
question
The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by:
answer
Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her day's scientific debates
question
The over all effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to:
answer
Generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance
question
Margret Cavendish attacked the belief:
answer
That humans through science were masters of nature
question
Benedict Spinoza believed that women:
answer
Were "naturally" inferior to men
question
The philosophy of Rene' Descartes:
answer
Stressed a separation of mind and matter
question
What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded this theories about the universe:
answer
Discourse of Method
question
Descartes believed that the world could be understood by:
answer
The same principles inherent in mathematical thinking
question
Francis Bacon was important to the Scientific Revolution for his emphasis on:
answer
Empirical, experimental observation
question
Showing the disputation nature of European scientific thinker:
answer
Francis Bacon rejected the ideas of Copernicus and Kepler and misunderstood Galileo
question
Organized religions in the 17th century:
answer
Rejected scientific discovers that conflicted with the Christian view of the world
question
Benedict Spinoza:
answer
Was influenced by Descartes, but saw no separation between mind and matter
question
For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to:
answer
People using nature for their own self-interest
question
In his work Pensees, Pascal:
answer
Attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reasons & emotions
question
For Blaise Pascal, humans:
answer
Could not understand infinity, only God could
question
Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's:
answer
Government support and control
question
During the 17th century, royal and princely patronage of science:
answer
Became an international phenomenon
question
The first of the scientific societies appeared in what country?
answer
Italy
question
The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first:
answer
Fund-raising events for medical research
question
Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because:
answer
It offered a new means to make profit and maintain social order
question
The key figure of the Scientific Revolution who would inspire the search for natural law in other field, including society and economics, was:
answer
Newton
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New