Western Civ 1, Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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In promoting papal reform, what did Gregory VII (1073-1085) assert?
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all Christian princes must answer to the pope in spiritual matters
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The obligations due a serf to his lord usually included what?
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work three days a week on the lord's land; paid an annual rent on their land; give gift to the lord on certain holidays; had to pay the lord an inheritance tax
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The Parliament of Britain today is a direct descendant of what?
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the curia regis
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The primary issue surrounding the Investiture Controversy involved what?
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Whether the German emperor or the pope had the authority to appoint bishops and "invest" them with their spiritual symbols of office, the ring and the staff.
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What are some examples of the "Ottonian Renaissance"?
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Roswitha of Gandersheim
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What are some of the major results of Mediterranean trade during the Middle Ages?
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Europeans obtained medicines, perfumes, and other rare items; Europe provided wood, iron, grain and agricultural commodities; North Africa traded animal products and gold; cloth increasingly played a role in the trade
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What are some of the major results of the crusades?
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establishment of permanent feudal territories in Palestine
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What does the term "villein" describe?
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an unfree peasant working the land in England and France
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What is a fief?
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a lord's concession of land to a vassal which imposed obligations upon both
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What is feudalism?
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a patron/client relationship between two freemen
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What is glebe land?
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land reserved on a manor for the parish priest
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What is one of the major reasons for the success of the First Crusade (1097-99)?
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the Seljuk Turks had yet to consolidate their rule
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What is primogeniture?
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the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of a person without a will passed to the eldest son.
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What is sub-infeudation (also spelled "subinfeudation")?
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a re-granting of a portion of a fief to another vassal
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What is the Domesday Book?
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a comprehensive survey of the lands of England conducted by William in 1086
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What promoted the formation of the feudal system?
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chaotic conditions and the need for security
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What was the primary goal of papal reform?
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free the papacy from military dependence on the German Empire
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What were some of the major characteristics of the period 1000-1150?
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larger governmental units and a strengthened papacy
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Why did Germany show a pattern of development different than that of France or England?
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it kept a strong tradition of elective kingship
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Why did Otto I used bishops and abbots to administrate his empire?
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they had no hereditary claims to their fiefs
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Land that the lord held for his own crops and profit. Serfs worked this land.
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Demesne land
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An oath, often accompany the oath of homage, in which the vassal swears to uphold his homage. This own was sworn on the Gospels or on a saint's relics.
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fealty
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Which of the following were major characteristics of the period 1000-1150?
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papacy consolidated power; growth of towns and trade; monastic reform; the crusades
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According to Islam, the final prophet of God (Allah) is who?
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Muhammad
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2.The collection of prophecies from Allah
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the Koran (Qur'an)
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3.The Edda help illuminate the legends of what?
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the Norse gods
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4.Heraclius recovered much of the Byzantine Empire by 622 by defeating whom?
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Persia
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5.Iconoclasm, the policy initiated by Emperor Leo III, required what?
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images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints be destroyed
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6.people who submit to the will of Allah
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Muslims
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7.The position of women in Islamic society depended very much on what?
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her social class and when she lived
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8.The result of Leo III's policy of iconoclasm was what?
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It widened the differences between the Western and Eastern churches
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9.a Slavonic script based on Greek letters still used in Eastern Europe and Russia
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the Cyrillic alphabet
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10.The use of vernacular languages in the Orthodox Church contributed to what?
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the development of autonomous churches based on vernacular languages
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11.What are the main beliefs of Sunnites?
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writings of companions of Muhammad regarding various problems are legitimate laws
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12.What are the major features of the Carolingian Renaissance?
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a standardization of education, language, texts, and Church liturgy
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13.What best describes the position and status of women in the Byzantine Empire?
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life remained very much as it had in the ancient world
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14.What caused the rapid expansion of Islam?
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their toleration for "People of the Book"
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15.What caused the schism between the Eastern and Western Churches?
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Theological differences, languages in Liturgy, and conflict resulting from the conversion of the Slavs
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16.What important Spanish-Islamic scholar on Aristotle helped shape Western philosophy?
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Ibn-Rushd
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17.What was one of the primary goals of Charlemagne?
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encourage learning within his domains
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18.What was one of the principle reasons for the Viking out-migrations from Scandinavia?
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arable land could not support the population expansion
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19.What was primarily responsible for the decline of the Principality of Kiev?
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internal struggles and external invaders
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20.What were the Umayyads?
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Arab successors to Ali, the fourth Caliph
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21.Why did the hijra form a turning point in Muhammad's career?
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provided him with a political and military base
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1.The "do nothing kings" refers to what?
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the Merovingian successors of Clovis
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2.The Franks eventually became rulers of what?
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northern Gaul
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3.Gregory I (r. 590-604) provides an excellent example of what?
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the growth of papal primacy in the West
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4.Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) refers to what?
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a large church in Constantinople
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5.Many of the German tribes practiced what religion before converting to Roman Christianity?
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Arian Christianity
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6.Much of what we know of early German society derives from which author?
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The Roman historian Tacitus
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7.To what group did the Germanic tribes all belong?
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they belonged to the same linguistic group
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8.The Visigothic defeat of the Byzantine army at Adrianople in 378 demonstrated the superiority of what?
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mounted warriors over infantry
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9.What did the Council of Whitby in 663 determine?
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Roman rather than Irish Christianity would be practiced in England
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10.What is the most enduring accomplishment of the reign of Justinian the Great?
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the systematic codification of Roman law
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11.What is the name for the amount of compensation used in feuds among the early Germans?
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Wergeld ("man money")
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12.What is the Rule of St. Benedict?
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a guide to monastic life
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13.What were the main reasons for the emergence of the single-family peasant farm as the basic unit of agricultural production in the Early Middle Ages?
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the mounted soldier made warfare expensive, so many warriors became full-time farmers; horses made it easier, although more expensive, for farmers to support themselves; it was more economically feasible for landowners to rent their land to farmers; villa owners could no longer buy slaves
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14.What were the major functions of monasteries in the Early Middle Ages?
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served as centers of learning; played a major role in local politics and government; set an example of innovative agricultural practices; supplied much of the food for kings' armies and administrations
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15.What were the major religious views of the Germanic tribes?
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took a pessimistic religious view; believed that spirits inhabited natural settings; used spells to influence spirits; believed in gods that inhabited the sky and were interested in humans
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16.Which Germanic tribe became known as main defender of the Western Church?
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Franks
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17.Why did Constantine move the capital of the Empire from Rome to New Rome (Constantinople)?
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the wealth and larger population of the region
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18.Why did many of the Germanic tribes enter the Roman Empire?
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Because of pressure put on them by the westward migration of the Huns
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1.The breakdown of the pax romana led to a shift in power favoring whom?
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the military
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2.Christianity became the only religion tolerated in the Roman Empire by approximately what date?
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400 A.D.
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3.The Donatist heresy was repudiated when the Orthodox Church declared what?
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the sacraments confer grace regardless of the spiritual state of the priest administering them
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4.In the third century A.D. the Roman Empire suffered from what?
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reluctance on the part of citizens to perform unpaid civic duties and heavier defense costs
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5.The period of the five good emperors was characterized by what?
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stability and prosperity
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6.Regarding the issue of conversion, Paul advocated what?
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Paul advocated conversion on the basis of personal faith.
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7.This mystery religion emphasized courage, loyalty, self-discipline, and victory was especially popular among Roman soldiers.
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Mithraism
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8.What are the major characteristics of Roman literature during the centuries of the pax romana?
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it frequently used Greek works as models
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9.What are the major characteristics of the Jewish experience under Roman rule?
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some Jews believed in the coming of a Messiah; several Jewish rebellions against Roman rule soured relations between Jews and Rome; there were conflicts among the Jews over whether Gentiles could convert to Judaism; a Jewish force came to the aid of Julius Caesar
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10.What are the major characteristics of the Roman legal system during the Imperial period?
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distinguished between citizens and non-citizens; allowed subjects of the Empire to maintain their own customs; served as a model for many subsequent law codes in Western Europe
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11.What are the major characteristics of the Roman military during the Julio-Claudian period?
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interfered more and more with civil authority; supported their own candidates for emperor; became increasingly subject to the emperor's wishes; played a part in the succession of emperors
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12.What are the major elements of Diocletian's reforms?
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the creation of the Tetrarchy
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13.What divinity did the Mysteries of Eleusis honor?
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Demeter
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14.What is the traditional date for the end of the Western Roman Empire?
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476 A.D.
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15.What was accomplished by the Edict of Milan issued by Constantine in 313 A.D.?
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The Edict of Milan extended freedom of worship to Christians and ended the age of persecutions.
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16.What was life like for women during the period of early Christianity?
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were given ever-greater roles in church affairs over time; were often viewed in a contradictory light; played an important role in conversion
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17.What were the three unifying elements that allowed the Roman Empire to survive and work?
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the emperor, the army, and civil servants and town councils
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18.Who was Eusebius and what is he famous for?
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Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. 260-ca. 340) wrote history of the early Christian church.
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19.Who was St. Ambrose and what is he famous for?
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Ambrose, bishop of Milan from 374-397, argued that the Christian Church must be independent of the emperor and that bishops should have the right to chastise rulers.
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20.Who was St. Augustine and what is he famous for?
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Augustine (354-340) lived in North Africa and was famous for his views on sexual morality and marriage, as well as the operations of God's grace.
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21.Who was St. Jerome and what is he famous for?
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Jerome (ca. 340-420) translated the Old and New Testaments from their original languages into Latin. His Vulgate Bible was the most-widely used version in the Middle Ages.
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22.Who was St. Paul and what is he famous for?
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Paul (or Saul) of Tarsus was a Jew who converted to Christianity and then traveled around the Mediterranean (especially Greece and western Turkey) trying to convert people (especially non-Jews) to Christianity.
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1.As the Roman Republic developed, what was life like for Roman women?
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They exercised far greater behind-the-scenes influence than Greek women ever had.
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2.Augustus' legislation in favor of the Roman family was designed to accomplish what?
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repopulate Italy following the civil wars; grant special privileges to families with more than three children; legislate against adultery; allow more legal freedoms to women within the family structure
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3.The crisis of the first century B.C. Italian War sparked by the murder of Marcus Livius Drusus centered around what?
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citizenship
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4.For what is Gaius Gracchus was responsible?
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founding several colonies for retired soldiers; proposing an extension of citizenship; challenging traditional political practices; redistributing land to dispossessed farmers
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5.In the first century B.C., as Roman imperialism brought the state into further wars, the political situation was dominated by what?
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The political situation was dominated by attempts of powerful generals to achieve supremacy in Rome through use of the army.
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6.In the Punic Wars, Rome defeated whom?
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The Carthaginians
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7.In what major ways did the Romans in the fifth through the third centuries B.C. differ from the Greeks?
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The Romans demonstrated greater skill in dealing with internal and external political conflicts.
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8.Rome controlled all of the Italian peninsula except the Po valley by what precise date?
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265 BCE
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9.What are the major characteristics of Roman beliefs about their gods?
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The Romans believed their gods could be appeased through sacrifices.
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10.What are the major characteristics of the Roman constitution?
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The Roman constitution was a set of procedures and customs.
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11.What best describes the political system of the Roman Republic before the era of the civil wars?
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The Roman Republic had three main components: the consuls, the Senate, and the Assemblies.
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12.What were the major results of Roman expansion into the eastern Mediterranean?
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inadvertently led to the decline of the Republic; triggered policies of accommodation in Pergamum; brought the Greeks under Roman control
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13.Who is Cicero and what is he famous for?
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Cicero lived from 106-43 BCE. He is famous for putting down the Catilinarian conspiracy in 63 BCE and for being Rome's greatest public speaker.
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14.Who is Julius Caesar and what is he famous for?
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Caesar lived from 100-44 BCE. He is famous as the conqueror of Gaul; he extended Roman rule to France and Belgium.
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15.Who is Marius and what is he famous for?
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Roman statesman during the first quarter of the first century BCE; he was the first to allow landless citizens to become soldiers.
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16.Who is Pompey and what is he famous for?
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Roman statesman during the first half of the first century BCE who was a member of the so-called First Triumvirate along with Julius Caesar and Marcus Crassus.
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17.Who is Sulla and what is he famous for?
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Roman statesman during the first quarter of the first century BCE; he was the first general to seize Rome and name himself dictator without time limit.
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1.The Athenians' defeat by Sparta in 404 B.C. was followed by what?
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Athens eclipse as a powerful city-state
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2.Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C., the Near East was influenced by Greek culture in a process we call what?
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The process is called Hellenization. The proper name for Greece is Hellas. The Greeks were also known as Hellenes.
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3.How did Hellenistic civilization differ from the world of the Greek polis?
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characterized by economic activity on a larger scale
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4.How does Plato's thought differ from that of his teacher Socrates?
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Plato was less willing to believe that people could consult their consciences to discover what is right.
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5.What are the major characteristics of Alexander's imperial ambitions?
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his courage, leadership, and strategy
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6.What are the major characteristics of Greek tragedies of the fifth century?
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Their plots were derived from Greek mythology
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7.What are the major characteristics of philosophy as new way of thinking?
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relied on the use of reason to answer profound questions of human existence; welcomed argument and debate; provided ways of understanding change; rejected religious explanations of the world
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8.What are the major characteristics of the large kingdoms that followed the break-up of Alexander's empire?
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cities were given some autonomy in local affairs; semi-divine monarchs ruled with the aid of large bureaucracies; Greeks served as officials and military leaders
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9.What are the major features of Epicurean thought?
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withdrawal from the pain and disappointment of the world
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10.What are the major features of Greek historical writing in the fifth century B.C.?
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It considered human motivations.
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11.What are the major features of the comedies of Aristophanes?
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often revealed his anti-war sentiments; offer great insight to contemporary Athenian life; criticized major political figures in Athens;
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12.What are the major features of the thought of the Sophists?
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challenged most accepted rules and morals; believed natural laws were superior to human laws
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13.What are the major features of the work of Aristotle?
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involved fields of knowledge from physics, astronomy, and biology to politics and ethics; shared the assumption of Plato that order exists in the universe; stressed moderation in human behavior and in politics; saw reality as both form and matter
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14.What was life like for Greek women during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.?
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restricted both sexually and socially in comparison to men
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15.Who was Aristarchus and what was he famous for?
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Aristarchus was a Greek mathematician and astronomer who advanced a heliocentric theory of planetary motion.
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1.The beginnings of the Bronze Age can be traced to what date?
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about 3000 B.C.
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2.The earliest known agricultural settlements are located where?
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southern Turkey and northern Iraq
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3.Egyptian concept of "right order"
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maat
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4.Egyptian form of writing
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hieroglyphs
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5."founder of the Persian Empire"; ruled from 559 until 530 B.C.
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Cyrus
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6.Hebrew term referring to one "annointed" by God to perform a special mission
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Messiah
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7.The major accomplishment of the Assyrians was what?
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a dominant and efficient military
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8."most skillful administrator of the Persian Empire"; ruled from 522 until his death in 486 B.C.
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Darius
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9.People turned from hunting and gathering to food producing around what date?
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about 11,000 B.C.
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10.The Phoenicians' greatest contribution to Western culture was what?
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a simplified alphabet with 22 characters
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11.plant used by Egyptians for writing material
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papyrus
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12.The principal feature of Zoroastrianism was what?
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religious dualism; Ahura (good) opposed by Ahriman (evil)
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13.prophet who formed the Persian faith; may have lived around 600 B.C.
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Zoroaster
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14.Successor of Cyrus; conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.
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Cambyses
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15.The Sumerians' pessimistic view of the human dependence on divine intervention derived from what?
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lack of certainty due to the threat of floods
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16.Sumerian wedge-shaped writing
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cuneiform
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17.Through what methods did the Assyrians successfully administer their empires?
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payment of tribute; imposition of a governor; armies stationed in the provinces; a unifying language (Aramaic)
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18.What are the major characteristics of the Jewish people's religion?
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worship of one god (monotheism), who created the world, forgave the repentant, never appeared in animal form, and was "a god for everyone"
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19.What is Nebuchadnezzar remembered for?
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Nebuchadnezzar conquered Judah in 586 B.C.
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20.What sort of society did the Israelites have? (i.e., matriarchal, patriarchal, polytheistic, anarchic?)
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patriarchal
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21.What was life like for women in ancient Egyptian society?
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greater power than other Mediterranean women; could own and manage both land and property; could initiate legal action, buy and sell property, and execute wills; most women were peasants; expected to produce children
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22.What were the major features of the Mesopotamians' advances in mathematics?
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system based on 60; multiplication tables; exponents; tables for computing interest; mathematics textbooks
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23.When Akhnaton reformed Egyptian religious practices, what was the major result?
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people continued to worship the pharaoh
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1.After 478 B.C., many Greek city-states joined this alliance to continue the war against Persia.
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the Delian League
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2.The Athenian effort to gain control of this island between 415-413 B.C. ended in disaster.
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Sicily
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3.The basic means of livelihood for citizens of the Greek city-state was what?
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farming
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4.farmer who authored the Theogony around 700 B.C.
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Hesiod
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5.female Greek poet who lived around 600 B.C.
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Sappho
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6.The first ten years of the Peloponnesian War were called what?
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the Archidamian War
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7.The Greek term for an independent city-state
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polis
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8.Greek term for their main public square and civic center
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agora
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9.Homer was a ____, not a historian.
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poet
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10.In 416 B.C., the Athenians slaughtered the men of this island because they refused to join the Athenian empire.
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Melos
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11.In 421 B.C., the Athenians and Spartans signed this peace treaty that was supposed to last fifty years.
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the Peace of Nicias
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12.In a matriarchy, such as the one that may have existed on Crete, who serves as the ruling power?
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a woman or women
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13.In comparison with Egyptian or Near Eastern civilizations, in what major ways was the Greek polis distinctive?
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Greek was made up of a collection of hundreds of independent city-states (poleis); the Greeks did not have a unified national government; there was no king of Greece or pharaoh of Greece.
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14.In the Athenian demokratia, most public offices were filled by whom?
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male citizens
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15.In this Athenian political procedure, the people could vote once a year to expel from the city any man considered potentially dangerous.
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ostracism
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16.The location of the first organized Greek athletic competitions.
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Olympia
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17.Minoan civilization reached its height around what date?
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1550-1400 B.C.
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18.Name of the two syllabic scripts found from Minoan Crete.
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Linear A and Linear B
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19.Our best information about Mycenaean civilization comes from what source?
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archaeological evidence
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20.The Parthenon was built to revere/honor whom?
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the goddess Athena (Athene)
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21.The second Persian invasion of Greece was effectively ended in 479 B.C. by a Spartan-led victory here.
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the Greek village of Plataea
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22.Thucydides argued that the outbreak of war between Sparta and Athens was due to what cause?
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fear of rising Athenian power
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23.True or False
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As in modern America, the ancient Athenians paid jurors for their service.: True
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24.True or False
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It is a proven fact that the Trojan War, as described by Homer, was an actual event in history.: False
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25.True or False
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The ancient Greeks had no priestly class that intervened in politics.: True (according to our textbook)
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26.What are some of the major characteristics of Homer's Iliad?
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written in verse; depicts a warrior aristocracy; divinities have favorite human beings
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27.What are some of the major languages that are descended from the Indo-European language?
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English; German; Romance Languages like French, Italian, and Spanish; Russian; languages spoken in India, Iran, Pakistan
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28.What are the dates of the Peloponnesian War?
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431-404 BCE
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29.What caused the age of Pericles to be so brilliant?
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the creation of magnificent public work like the Parthenon; Athenian literature reached its peak with plays like those of Sophocles and Euripides; the philosopher Socrates also lived in Athens during this time
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30.What did the Spartans called the slaves who worked their land?
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helots
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31.What is the approximate date when Homer's Iliad and Odyssey were written down?
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around 750 B.C.
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32.What is the general subject matter of Hesiod's Theogony?
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the genealogy of various gods
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33.What is the "Homeric Question"?
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who actually wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
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34.What major Greek polis did Xerxes and the Persians burn in 480 B.C.
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Athens
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35.What were the keys to victory for the Greeks against the Persians in 480 B.C. at Salamis?
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heavier Greek ships dominated the Persians in the narrow straights between the island of Salamis and the mainland
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36.What were the major features of the Spartan state?
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ruled by two kings; public assembly of citizen males over age of 30; council of 28 elders over age of 60; five ephors chosen each year; lives of male citizens devoted to military service; farming done by enslaved helots
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37.What were the major results of the period of Greek colonization from 750-550 B.C.?
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spread of Greek civilization around the Mediterranean; revival of trade and thus increase prosperity; better access to food supply
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38.What were the most important reforms carried out by Solon in the 570s B.C.?
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the "shaking off of obligations"; liberating citizens who had become slaves; division of male citizens into four groups based on income
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39.Where was the palace of Minos located?
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the island of Crete
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40.Why did the Persian king Darius decide to invade Greece in 490 B.C.?
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to punish the mainland Greeks for supporting the Ionian revolt and to expand Persian power to the Greek mainland
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41.Why was Athens ultimately defeated in the Peloponnesian War?
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Spartan Lysander captured the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami; this defeat prevented the Athenians from importing grain
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42.Writing in Greece appears to have been lost during this period.
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the Dark Age of Greece (1100-800 B.C.)
