Western Blots Essay Example

Interpreted (PRNG*b).

Duplicate wells were used to reduce error in the standard line. The line's equation can be used to estimate the concentration of the unknown. Substitute the absorbency of the unknown Into the Y' of the equation and calculated the or concentration. This Is an example of a quantitative value, because It Is based on known values and an empirical unit is assigned to the data collected.

The equation loses its accuracy outside the range of the line. If the unknown solution's absorbency is found outside the range then it should be diluted and the absorbency should be recalculated. The range of the known samples Is called the linear range because of he graph appearing to be linear in this range. The new solution's concentration will be multiplied by the dilution factor to obtain the actual concentration. SD-PAGE SD-PAGE stands for Sodium decoded sulfate- Polysaccharide gel electrophoresis. The polysaccharide gel Is made up a matrix of pores that can fit 5-2,000 KDE size proteins.

Smaller or larger pores depend on the varying size of the molecules being examined. Creamily works best for the proteins being examined. The SD is used to uniform the charges on the protein being examined. The SD weakly binds to the backbone of the protein, and lingering It.

The running buffer added also contains SD. Kaleidoscope and blanks A kaleidoscope is added to one of the wells to serve as standard to measure the uneconomical analysis needs to be done on them. When a band from the extraction is created it can be compared to the multi colored known weight of the band in the kaleidoscope.

This can give the examiner the relative size

of the protein. This can be considered a semi quantitative value because the data is based on the relationship to something else. Another semi quantitative value of protein concentration can be interpreted from the kaleidoscope. If we know the amount of kaleidoscope then we can compare the size of the kaleidoscope band to the protein band. We can estimate if the protein's concentration relative to being greater or less than the kaleidoscope using relative band size. The kaleidoscope can also serve as a positive control.

It controls for false negatives, because if the kaleidoscope is seen then we can assume that the transfer of the proteins to the membrane was successful, and any lack of protein is due to improper loading or microchemistry analysis. The blank can operate as a negative control to test for false positives. If the blank Anne has staining then the results cannot be trust because there should have no proteins in that lane. Sample denaturing When the extracted protein is run through the gel, it is important to have the proteins linearity to run accurately through the matrix of the creamily.

In order to denature the proteins, the sample is put in a boiling water bath. With the help of B- merchantable, the cells tertiary and quaternary structure can be broken apart.  B- merchantable will reduce the sulfide bonds in cytosine. The cytosine bonds are important component's in the structure of the protein. The B-merchantable is deed to the protein with the xx protein buffer. The buffer also contains SD. As stated previously. SD binds to the backbone of the protein, and luminaries it. The heat will open the protein, B-merchantable will but

the bonds, and SD will keep the protein open.

Running the gel The gel is run at 200 volts and 100. The higher the volts, the faster and less accurate the bands will be, and the hotter the system will become. The converse is also true, but too slow and the solution will diffuse throughout the gel. The gel is set up so the positive end is near the wells and the negative end is on the other side of the gel. The proteins will be pushed from the wells by the negative charge and they will be attracted to the positive end. The process of the gel running is monitored because of the bronchiole blue(figure 2).

It will run the fastest through the gel because of its size, so when the blue molecule reached the end of the gel then the electricity can be turned off. The potential problems with the running of the gel include forgetting to remove the tape from the cassette and improperly denaturing the proteins. If the tape was not removed from the cassette then the circuit cannot be completed and the proteins will not leave the well. If the proteins are not properly denatured then the proteins will not be able to properly travel through the creamily.

If this happens then the proteins will not show up, but the kaleidoscope will, as that doesn't need to be denatured. Sandwiching the membrane The proteins are transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane is made to have a high affinity for proteins, so the proteins will transfer and stick to it by the transfer sandwich. The time the sandwich runs at AAA and

for so long (7 the proteins have a risk of penetrating through the membrane. The transfer is done n an ice bath because the length of time for the current produces a lot of heat. The membrane is set into transfer buffer to help fix the proteins to the membrane.

The buffer unifies the charges of the membrane and proteins. The membrane is soaked in blocking solution (ABS) to occupy the unbound areas of the membrane. A problem that may arise during this step is not orienting the charges correctly. If this is done incorrectly then the proteins can run off the gel, and the membrane will appear clean. The current could not be correctly established, and the proteins could never leave the gel. If this is done then the proteins will show up on the commies stain. Commies staining A commies stain is done to examine if a problem occurred in the transfer of the proteins to the membrane.

This tests the gel for the presence of proteins. Commies is a strong dye that will bind to any proteins in the gel. The dye can be rinsed from the gel with a De-staining solution, but it cannot be washed from the proteins. This is a valuable test for determining a mistake in a failed western blot. Microchemistry with western blots Monoclonal and polygonal antibodies are added to the membrane in a similar cushion to previous exercises. In a western blot, the marker is not a florescent marker, but instead a peroxides (horseradish peroxides). The peroxides is added to the secondary antibodies.

When a reduced dye (vector nova red) is added with Hydrogen peroxide, the peroxides breaks the

hydrogen peroxide into water and a free oxygen. The oxygen will oxidize the vector red changing it from colorless to red. This is a qualitative measurement because the data recorded is whether the band showed up it not. Methods: Day l: Protein extraction: I obtained a flask of TTT mouse fibroblast cells from the CO incubator.

The flask as rinsed with ice cold PBS to remove secreted proteins and left over media from the flask. Once the flask was rinsed, RIP buffer (Radio nonparticipating assay buffer). The buffer contains ionic detergents, SD (sodium decoded sulfate) and Sodium decolletage, and a nonionic detergent, Triton x-OHIO. A protease inhibitor was also added to the solution. The cells were also mechanically lased by being scraped from the flask with a cell scraper and pipettes up and down. The solution was transferred to a micro centrifuge tube, and left to incubate in four degrees Celsius fridge for forty-five minutes for the RIP to dissolve the membrane.

After the incubation period the tube was spun to remove cell membrane particles at 14,ramps for fifteen minutes. The supernatant was collected and stored for later use. Protein concentration assay Five standard solutions (50 ml) were made with ABS (Bovine serum albumin) and RIP buffer at varying concentrations (figure 3). Fifty millimeters of the unknown protein extract was added to a final tube. The standards and protein extract were grouped together and processed for an absorbency reading. To all the tubes, lull of ARC reagent I was added, vortexes, and left to incubate at room temperature for nee minute, and then lollop ARC reagent II was added, vortexes and spun at discarded.

To all the tubes, lull of

reagent A+S and lull reagent B were added and vortexes to mix. Lull of each tube was added twice in adjacent wells to a 96 Nell plate. The 96 well plate was read in a spectrophotometer for their absorbency 'aloes. The absorbency values were graphed concentration vs absorbency, and a regression line was calculated. The regression line's equation was obtained (figure 4). Using the equation, the absorbency of the unknown protein extract was substituted onto the equation, and a concentration was calculated in GU/LU. Day II Preparing solutions for gel electrophoresis A standard and two blanks were made as controls for the gel-electrophoresis.

The kaleidoscope was prepared by adding lull of kaleidoscope solution to lull PBS and lull xx protein loading buffer (B-mechanization and SD). Two blanks were made by adding lull PBS to lull xx protein loading buffer. Three of identical solutions were made with PBS and the protein extraction to bring the total amount of protein in the solution to chug and the volume to lull. lull of xx protein loading buffer was added to the three tubes of the protein extractions. The proteins in these solutions needed to be denatured to optimize the Nesters blot.

The solutions were heated in a boiling water bath (figure 5). Special zaps were needed to keep the solutions from bubbling out of the tube. The tube was then placed in an ice bath for five minutes. Preparing the polysaccharide gel electrophoresis A Bio-Radar SD-page gel pre-cast (4% stacking, 4-15% gradient separating gels containing 10 wells with 1. Mm spacers; can load lull) was obtained and removed from its pouch. The comb was removed, the wells were rinsed with

distilled water, and the tape on the bottom edge of the gel cassette was removed.The green clamping arms hold the two gels in place. The chamber, between the two gels, was filled with SD- running buffer (Tries-HCI, SD, Glycerol, BAM, EDT, Bronchiole Blue). The gel wells Nerve then filled with a blank, kaleidoscope, sample 1, sample 2, sample 3, and a blank. The solutions were added to the wells using a fine tip pipette to more accurately load the solutions. The first experiment we used a guide and the second time around we didn't.

Running the Gel Electrophoresis Four gels were run at the same time, so two clamping frames were used in the electrophoresis run. We attached the leads to their color coded ends, and ran the gel at 200 V and 100 A for h hour. Transferring the SD-page gel to the nitrocellulose membrane The gels were removed from the glass plates, and placed in cold transfer buffer for 15-20 minutes. The nitrocellulose membrane, sponges and filter paper were soaked in transfer buffer as well (figure 8). A transfer sandwich was made with positive electrode, sponge, filter paper, gel, nitrocellulose, filter paper, sponge and negative electrode (figure 9).

The sandwich was placed into a take of ice, and a current was run for seven hours at AAA. When it is finished, the membrane was stored in the fridge at four degrees Celsius in membrane blocking solution. Commies staining We placed the gel in container, and added enough commies to submerge the overnight (figure 10). In ours the gel was rinsed twice with double denizen Neater to remove the commies. Gel descanting solution was added and the gel

was rocked for 30 minutes.

The gel had all of its commies removed except for the proteins stained with the commies (figure#). On the first attempt, I tried to stain the membrane after the uneconomical analysis failed. Uneconomical analysis of the nitrocellulose membrane The membrane was removed from the fridge and rinsed with ODL water. The membrane was incubated in blocking solution for 30 minutes on the rocker. The blocking solution was replaced with primary antibody solution (monoclonal anti- cyclic and monoclonal anti-beta acting made in a rabbit), and incubated for 1. 5 hours.