VT17 Anesthesia – DRUGS – Flashcards
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What are some examples of Anticholinergics?
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Atropine and Glycopyrrolate
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What drug is an extract of leaves and berries of deadly nightshade plant?
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Atropine
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What is a synthetic derivative of atropine?
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Glycopyrrolate
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What blocks receptors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the parasympathic nervous system; inhibits the "rest and digest" functions of the parasympathetic system?
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Anticholinergic mechanism
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What is the decreases tear and saliva production, pupil and bronchi dilation, prevents vomiting/diarrhea and bradycardia?
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Effects of Anticholinergic
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Less likely to cause arrhythamias; duration 2-3 hours; does NOT cross placenta. Used in small dogs and cats.
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Glycopyrrolate in anesthesia
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Rapid onset; duration 1 hour. Used for large dogs, and C-sections in cats or dogs of any size.
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Atropine in anesthesia
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What is an example of Phenothiazine?
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Acepromazine
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What color is Acepromazine?
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Yellow
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CNS sedative
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Phenothiazine mechanism
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Sedation, NO anesthesia, NO analgesia, peripheral vasodilation (hypothermia, hypotension), antiarrhythmic (may offset effects of anesthetic, antihistamine, antiemetic in cats and dogs, lower seizure threshold, excitment during recovery, penile prolapse in horses.
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Phenothiazine (Acepromazine) effects
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Used alone to produce sedation lasting 4-48 hours, sedation prior to procedure, reduced does of anesthetics, sedation during recovery
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Phenothiazines in anesthesia
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What class of drugs in high doses do not increase sedation, but worsen hypotension and prolong the duration of effects?
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Phenothiazines
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What are some examples of Benzodiazepines?
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Diazepam, Midazolam, Zolazepam
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CNS tranquilzer
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Benzodiazepine mechanism
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Tranquilization without sedation, NO anesthesia, NO analgesia, muscule relaxation, anticonvulsant, appetite stimulant in cats, minimal effects in cardic and respiratory function.
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Benzodiazepine effects
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Premedication, combined with induction agents, to reduce dosages and offset negative effects of anesthesia agents
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Benzodiazepine in anesthesia
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What is the generic and trade name of a drug that is propylene glycol based, and must go IV due to IM irritation?
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Diazepam, Valium
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Diazepam (Valium) can be mixed with Ketamine, but can NOT be mixed with what?
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Atropine, Acepromazine, Barbiturates, or Opioids
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What Bezodiazepine is water based and suitable for IM, SQ and IV?
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Midazolam
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What are four examples of alpha-2 agonists?
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Xylazine (Rompun), Medetomidine( Domitor), Detomidine (Dormosedan), Romifidine (Sedivet)
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What has a direct effect on the heart and blood vessels as well as acting as a CNS seditative?
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Alpha-2 agonists mechanisms
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Sedation to full anesthesia, analgesia, skeletal muscle relaxation,bradycardia, decreased contractility, arrhythmias, peripheral dilation, respiratory suppression variable, emesis in dogs and CATS, GI hypomotility in dogs and large animals
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Effects of alpha-2 agonists
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Sole anesthesia for minor procedures, part of combined anesthesia, and reversible.
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Alpha-2 agonists in anesthesia
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What can Xyazine (Rompun) be reversed with?
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Yohimbine
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What can Medetomidine (Domitor) be reversed with?
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Atipamezole (Antisedan)
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What can Detomidine (Dormosedan) be reversed with?
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Tolasoline
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Of all the alpha-2 agonists, which would most likely be used for a canine?
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Medetomidine (Domitor)
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What alpha-2 agonists create less hypomotility?
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Detomidine (Dormosedan), Romifidine (Sedivet)
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What are examples of Morphine derivatives?
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Morphine, Buprenorphine (Buprenex), Hydromorphine (Dilaudid), Oxymorphone (Numorphan)
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What are examples of synthetic opioids?
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Butorphanol (Torbutrol, Torbugesic), Fetanyl, Meperidine (Demerol)
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What acts as a CNS sedative, and CNS anaglesic?
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Opioid mechanisms
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Sedation, potent analgesic, respiratory depression to apnea, bradycardia (normal blood pressure), impaired thermoregulation, GI hypermotility followed by stasis, and may produce excitement in cats and horses
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Opioid effects
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Used as a premedication in surgeries of painful conditions (fractures); it is also usually combined with tranquilizer and anticholinergic, neuroleptanalgesia, often a postoperative analgesia, and is reversible with Naloxone (Narcan).
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Opioids in anesthesia
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What is a high dose combination of opioid and tranquilizer; a deep sedation and analgesia for minor procedures?
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Neuroletanalgesic
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Thiopental (Pentothal), Methohexital (Brevital), Pentobarital, Phenobarbial are all examples of what?
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Barbiturates
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What barbiturates are used as an induction agent?
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Thiopental (Pentothal), Methohextial (Brevital)
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What barbiturate is used for seizure control, euthanasia?
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Pentobarbital
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What barbiturate is used for LONG term seizure control?
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Phenobarbital
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What acts as CNS depression, and it's initial recovery through redistribution of drug from blood and brain to muscle and fat?
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Barbiturate mechanisms
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Brief anesthesia, no analgesia, induction apnea and respiratory depression, cardiac depression and hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and all negative effects are worse with rapid administration or high doses.
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Barbiturate effects
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When using barbiturates in anesthesia, what is the onset and duration time of the drug?
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Onset < 1 minute and Duration 5-20 minutes
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When using barbiturates in anesthesia, what amount of the drug should be given in order to minimize side effects?
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Only the amount needed
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When using barbiturates in anesthesia, what type of animals should be avoided?
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Sighthounds and very lean animals
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When using barbiturates in anesthesia, what will lead to tissue necrosis and patient chewing of the injection site?
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Perivascular injection
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Ketamine and Tiletamine (Telazol) are examples of what type of drug?
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Cycloheximines
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Block N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, disrupts neural communication between cortex and midbrain to produce catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, trancelike state called Dissociative Anesthesia
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Cycloheximine mechanisms
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Anesthesia, somatic analgesia, no visceral analgesia, minimal cardiac and respiratory effects, muscle tone increased, swallowing and ocular reflexes maintained, salivation, eyes open with dilated pupils, sensitivity to sound and other stimuli, lowered seizure threshold, ataxia during recovery.
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Cycloheximine effects
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When using Cycloheximines in anesthesia, one should safeguard against what during recovery?
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Injuries
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This drug may be used in induction, general anesthesia, and due to side effects may complicate patient monitoring.
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Cycloheximines in anesthesia
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Propofol (Propoflo), Rapinovet are examples of what kind of drug?
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Substituted Phenol
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CNS depression, and rapid recovery through redistribution.
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Substituted Phenol mechanisms
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Anesthesia, no analgesia, apnea and respiratory depression, cardiac depression and hyotension
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Substituted Phenol effects
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When using Substituted Phenol, when should any unused portion be discarded?
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6 hours
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Describe the appearance of Substituted Phenol.
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White, milky
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Substituted Phenol's do not mix with most other drugs because it is an emulsion in what?
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Soy oil, egg, lecithin and glycerol
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Substituted Phenol supports the growth of what?
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Bacterial
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Methoxyflurane, Halothane, Isoflurane and Sevoflurane are examples of what type of drug?
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Halogenated Organic Compounds
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Inhaled gases, loss of consciousness, exact mechanism in CNS neurons is unknown.
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Halogenated Organic Compound mechanisms
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What solubility does Methoxyflurane have?
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15.0
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Methoxyflurane is what percent in air?
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3.5%
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MAC
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Minimum Alveolar Concentration
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MAC is the measurement of what?
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Potency
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Surgical anesthesia for most patients requires how many times the MAC?
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1.5-2
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What is the MAC and maintenance of Methoxyflurane?
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0.23% and 0.5%
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What is the vapor pressure in Methoxyflurane?
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23mm Hg
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What is the vapor pressure in Halothane?
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243 mm Hg
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What is the solubility in Halothane?
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2.54
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What is the MAC and maintenance of Halothane?
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0.9% and 1.5-2%
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What is the MAC and maintenance of Isoflurane?
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1.3% and 2-2.5%
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What is the solubility of Isoflurane?
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1.46
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What is the vapor pressure of Isoflurane?
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240mm Hg
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What is the vapor pressure of Sevoflurane?
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157mm Hg
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What is the solubility of Sevoflurane?
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0.68
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What is MAC and maintenance of Sevoflurane?
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2.2% and 3.5-4%
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Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone, Fentanyl, and Meperidine are in what stage of DEA controlled substances?
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Schedule II
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Buprenorphine, Thiopental, Ketamine, Tiletamine, and Zolazepam are in what stage of DEA controlled substances?
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Schedule III
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Diazepam, Midazolam, and Butorphanol are in what stage of DEA controlled substances?
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Schedule IV
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What anesthetic drugs are NOT DEA controlled substances?
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Anticholinergics, Phenothiazines, Alpha-2 agonists, Propofol, and inhalation anesthetics
