Veterinary Anesthesia Drugs – Flashcards
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The Vagus nerve is part of what response?
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Para-sympthetic Response
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Which class of drug is used to decrease the para-sympathetic response produced by anesthetic drugs?
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Anticholinergic
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What drug should you avoid using in for pre-existing heart conditions?
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Atropine
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Why choose Glyco over Atropine?
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Doesn't cross the placental barrier
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What does Atropine produce?
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Thick mucous airway secretions
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Atropine is used to prevent what?
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Bradycardia and Hypersalivation
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Signs of overdose in Atropine
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Tachycardia, Vasodilation, Dry MM, Hyperthermia, Excitement and dilated pupils
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Sedatives/Tranquilizer uses
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Calming Effect, Smooth induction and recovery
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What class of drug is Ace in?
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Phenothiazine (Sedative/Tranquilizer)
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Advantages of Ace
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Anti-emetic, Anti-arrythmic, Sedation
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Precautions in Ace
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Vasodilation, No analagesia, lowers seizure threshold, prolapse of 3rd eyelid
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Advantages of Benzodiazepines
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Mild calming effect, Excellent muscle relaxation, Prevent seizures, minimal cardiac and respiratory depression
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Diazepam/Valium is used for
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Seizure control
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Midazolam is?
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Water soluble
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Zolezepam is combined with what? To make what?
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Tiletamine to make Telazol
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Zolezepam shelf life
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2 weeks after reconstitution
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Oral benzodiazepine used for anxiety
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Alprazolam (Xanax)
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Benzodiazepine reversal agent
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Flumazenil (very expensive)
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Alpha-2 Agonists is also known as
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Thiazine
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Advantages of Alpha-2 Agonists
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Potent sedation, Good muscle relaxation, Effective analgesia, Reversible, and not controlled
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Precautions of Alpha-2 Agonists
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Vasoconstriction, Bradycardia, Hypertension
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Contraindications of Alpha-2 Agonists
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Pediactric, Geriatric, Pregnant, sick. GI obstruction, Diabetes, Cardiovascular and resp. disease
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Reversal for Dexmeditomidine
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Atipamezole
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Opioids are used for
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Analgesia, Neuroleptanalgesia = (Opioid mixed with tranquilizer for arousable but profound sedation/analgesia)
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Disadvantages for Opioids
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Bradycardia, Excitatory/bizzare behavior in cats and horses, GI clearing effects, dysphoria in some animals
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The 4 Opioid receptors
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MU,Kappa, Sigma and Delta
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Pure agonists
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Stimulate all 4 receptors Mu, Kappa, Sigma, Delta
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Mixed agonists/antagonist
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Stimulate some and block others Butorphanol and Nalbuphine
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Partial Agonist
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Binds at one or more receptors, has effect @ only 1 type of receptor Buprenorphine
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Pure Antagonist
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Blocks all types of receptors Naloxone
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Signs of overdose in Opioids
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Profound resp. depression, Bradycardia, extreme sedation/excitement, Hypotension, Hypersalivation
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Natural Opiate
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Morphine
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Opioid transdermal patch
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Fentanyl
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Butorphanol effects
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Minimal sedation, Mild analgesia, High safety index-"ceiling effect", Expensive
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Buprenorphine effects
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Ceiling effect with analgesia, Transmucosal application produces good analgesia in cats
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Reversal for Opioids
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Naloxone
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Cyclohexamine Uses
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Induction for intubation and maintenance on gas
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Cyclohexamine mode of action-causes
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Dissociative anesthesia or catalepsy (characterized by lack of response to external stimuli and by muscular rigidity, so that the limbs remain in whatever position they are placed)
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Cyclohexamine characteristics
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Eyes stay open, reflexes exaggerated, sensitivity to light, sound and touch. Hypersalivation, Apneustic breathing, Tachycardia, Increased BP, Stings, Increased muscle tone; rigidity
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Cyclohexamine contraindications
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Dogs or horse w/out concurrent use of tranquilizer, seizure disorders, renal disease, hepatic disease in dogs
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Cyclohexamine drugs
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Ketamine, Tiletamine and TKX
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Substituted Phenol
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Propofol
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Propofol characteristics
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Can cause post induction apnea, Poor analgesia, shelf life-6 hours once refrigerated, very fast recovery, resp. depression
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Barbituate Characteristics
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Poor analgesia, anticonvulsant, euthanasia, dose dependent CNS stimulation
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Barbituate Precautions
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Give IV only, Tissue necrosis and sloughing when administered perivascularly, Post induction apnea common, small margin of safety
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Barbituate Contraindications
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Cardiovascular or resp. disease, acidosis, CNS depression, sighthounds, fearful/agitated animals, geriatrics, neonates and crosses placental barrier
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Two ultra short acting barbituates
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Methohexital and thiopental
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Anticonvulsant barbituate
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Pentobarbital
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Barbituate used for some euthanasia
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Pentobarbital
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Barbituate primarily used to control seizures
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Phenobarbitol
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Sedative/Hypnotic drug
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Etomidate
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What does cholinergic refer to?
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Acetylcholine
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What is acetylcholine?
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A neurotransmitter
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What is the sympathetic nerve system regulated by?
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Epinephrine
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What group of drugs do atropine and glycopyrrolate belong to?
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Anticholinergics
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What family does acepromazine belong to?
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Phenotiazine
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What are 3 of the main positive effects of acepromazine?
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Anti-emetic, Anti-arrythmic and sedation
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What is one of the main neg. effects of ace?
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Decreases seizure threshold
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What family of drugs do xylazine and domitor belong to?
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Alpha-2 Agonist
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Which alpha-2 agonist drug causes vomiting in dogs and cats?
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Xylazine
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What can xylazine be reversed with?
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Yobine-Yohimbine
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What drug in the thiazine family can cause profound sleep in some animals?
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Xylazine
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Wht family of drugs do valium and zolazepam belong to?
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Benzodiazepines
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Which benzoiazepine makes a good appetite stimulant in cats?
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Diazepam
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What is the only drug that can be mixed with diazepam?
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Ketamine
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What can Valium and Zolazepam be reversed with?
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Flumezanil
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What are synthetic opioids that have less tendency for addiction called?
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Opiates
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What Opioid is a natural opiate?
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Morphine
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What do the opioid drugs stimulate?
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Receptors in the brain and spinal cord
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While the opioids cause sedation in dogs what can they cause in cats?
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Excitement and bizarre behavior
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Why are morphine; fentanyl; and oxymorphone known as agonists?
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They stimulate all 4 receptors
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Why is butorphanol known as a mixed agonist?
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It stimulates some and blocks others
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What can happen if opioid drugs are given too quickly IV?
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Hypotension and CNS stimulation
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How long does morphines analgesic effects last?
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4 hours
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Which opioid is often used as a cough supressant as well as a form of pain relief?
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Butorphanol
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Which opioid can be given sublingually?
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Buprenorphine
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What opioid can be used as a patch on the skin?
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Fentanyl
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What family do Ketamine and Tiletamine belong to?
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Cyclohexamine
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What are the 4 periods in the anesthetic procedure?
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Preanesthetic, Induction, Maintainence and Recovery
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When does the recovery period begin?
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As the anesthetic leaves the brain and goes into the body
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How are injectable anesthetics removed from the body?
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Metabolized in liver and/or excreted by the kidneys
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What preanesthetic allows for an increased risk of seizures?
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Ace
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What family of induction agents increases the risk for seizures?
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Cyclohexamines
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What preanesthetic is Ketamine used with in cats to get muscle relaxation?
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Diazepam
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How is Propofol given?
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IV over 20-60 seconds
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What induction agent can be repeated without an increase in recovery time?
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Propofol
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What barbiturate can be used as both an anesthetic induction agent and as an euthanasia solution?
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Pentobarbital
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Drug that helps prevent bradycardia?
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Atropine
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Drug that is a sedative that can cause arrythmias and hypertension?
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Dex
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Drug that is used as an anticonvulsant?
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Diazepam
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Drug that is used to treat respiratory arrest?
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Dopram
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Drug that is an opioid that will reverse 50%
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Butorphanol
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Drug that should not be used as a preanesthetic in animals w/a history of seizures?
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Acepromazine
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Drug that is a mild analgesic and an emetic in cats?
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Xylazine
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Drug that is an emetic in dogs?
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Apomorphine or Hydromorphine
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Drug that has a mild antiarrythmic affect?
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Acepromazine
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Drug that is used to reverse the effects of xylazine?
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Yobine
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Drug that reduces salivation and tear production?
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Atropine
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Drug that is used primarily for its analgesic effect?
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Buprenorphine
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Drug that will treat a specific arrythmia?
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Lidocaine
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Drug that is an induction agent not recommended to be used in cats?
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Propofol 28
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Drug that will cause tissue sloughing if administered perivascularly?
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Thiopental
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Drug that causes muscle rigidity if used alone?
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Ketamine
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Drug that helps prevent bradycardia but has a less chance of causing tachycardia?
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Glyco
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Drug that is commonly used as a pre-med, and helps prevent vomiting?
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Acepromazine
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Drug that is a fast acting injectable anesthetic, can cause apnea and can be used in repeated doses?
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Propofol or propofol 28
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Drug that is a narcotic antagonist that will reverse 100%?
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Naloxone
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What is the lowest acceptable for Pulse ox?
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95%
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One drug that can cause hypertension?
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Acepromazine
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One advantage of Butorphanol over other Opioids?
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Less potent
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Lowest systolic acceptable?
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90mmhg
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Where can the doppler be placed?
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Coccygeal artery, dorsal pedal artery
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Normal range for capnograph?
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35-45mmhg
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One reason for CO2 reading?
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Hyperventilation, Leaky cuff
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What do you do if the animal starts vomiting under anesthesia?
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Drape head off of table, leave cuff inflated
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Which Opioid has a longer duration of 6-8 hours?
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Buprenorphine
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Ketamine elimination occurs in? (dogs and cats)
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Liver for dogs, Kidneys for cats
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Neuroleptanalgesia combines what 2 types of drugs?
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Opioids and tranquilizers
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What does MAC stand for?
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Minimal alveolar concentration
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Define tidal volume
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Amount of inhaled/exhaled air
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Drug primarily used for pain control?
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Fentanyl
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Lowest acceptable temp?
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99 degrees F
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Lowest acceptable MAP reading?
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70mmhg
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Dental explorer is used for what?
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Exploring for caries or fractures
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Sickle Scaler is used for what?
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Scaling supragingivally
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Elevator is used for what?
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Exploring periodontal ligament
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Curette is used for what?
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Scaling subgingivally
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Maxillary teeth missing in cat?
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105 and 205
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Mandibular teeth missing in cat?
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305-306 and 405-406
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Maxillary 1st premolar in cat?
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106 & 206
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Mandibular 1st premolar in cat?
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307 & 407
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Upper Carnassials in cats and dogs
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The upper carnassials are always the last premolars, which are 108 and 208
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Lower Carnassials cats dogs
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The lower carnassials are always the first molars, 309 and 409
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Sedatives/Tranquilizers include what?
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Phenothiazines, Benzodiazepines and Alpha-2 agonists
