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Mercantalism

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economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother country; the colonies recieve manufactured goods in return

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Stamp Act

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prior to the American Revolution, the British instituted the _ _ which taxed all transactions involving paper without colonial consent. No other act outraged all 13 colonies than this one

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Great Awakening

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Major religious revival 91750-1770) prior to the American Revolution that furthured individualism, established authority and American nationalism

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Boston Tea Party

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organized by the sons of liberty, the _ _ _ eventually forced the British to pass the Coercive Acts in 1775

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John Locke

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ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Madison's work on the Bill of Rights; specifically his ideas on Life, Liberty, and Property

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Great Compromise

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also known as the Conneticut compromise, the _ _ established a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the lower house (house rep) and equal representation in the upper house [2 senators each state]

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National Bank

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Alexander Hamilton's _ _ was established to improve the national economy, but it also created a constitutional crisis on interpretation of the US Constitution

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Saratoga

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important battle of the Revolutionary War. the American victory encouraged Grace to aid colonial independence from Britain

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Articles of Confederation

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first US government which was ineffectual in dealing with the nation's financial and political problems because it lacked coercive power

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Lewis and Clark

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in 1804 Corps of Discovery surveyed and made scientific obsercations of the newly acquired Louisiana territory

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The Federalist Papers

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Jay, Madison, and Hamilton published a series of letters to help grow support for the ratification of the Constitution

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Corrupt Bargain

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the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824 that stole the election of Andrew Jackson

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American System 1819

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this was HENRY CLAY'S three part plan to improve the national economy through a 2nd Nation Bank, Internal Improcements, and Protective Tariffs

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Missouri Compromise

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HENRY CLAY proposed this bill in 1820 to solve the dicisive issue of the expansion of slavery which threatened to upset the political balance in the Senate. This bill set the tone for the confressional actions prior to the Civil War

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Alexis de Tocqueville

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French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830's. His book DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA is still considered one of the mostaccurate primary sources on American culture

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Monroe Doctrine

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Announcement made during the Era of Good Feelings because the US feared that the Concert of Europe might intervene in Latin American recolutions - US stood opposed to any furthur colonization in western hemisphere and would not intervene in European affairs

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Marbury .v Madison

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(Marshall's) landmark supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review

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McCullock v. Maryland

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established the principle of implied powers and upheld the constitutionality of the bank, "the power to tax is the power to destroy"

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Peculiar Institution

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the historical term used to identify slavery prior to the Civil War

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Manifest Destiny

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an almost religious belief prior to the Mexican American War that the US should possess the North American continent from east to west

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seneca falls

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1st national meeting for women's suffrage held in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton issued the "Declaration of Sentiments" calling for the equality of the sexes

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Henry David Thoreau

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a transcendentalist who wrote the essay "Civil Disobedience" which outlined his protest to the Mexican American War. This essay later influence non-violent protests by Gandhi and Martin Luther King Junior.

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Underground Railroad

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a network of safe houses used by abolitionists to aid the escape of Southern Slaces into the North

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Fredrick Douglas

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escaped slave who became a leading figure in the anti-slavery movement

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Compromise of 1850

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controversial bill which allowed California to enter the union as a free state while agreeing to some Southern demands on slavery issues

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Abolitionists

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anti slavery activists who demanded the immediate end of slavery

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Antietam

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bloodiest single day of fighting during the Civil War resulted in a draw and prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclomation

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Emancipation Proclomation

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issued by Lincoln, the _ _ freed slaves only in the states under rebellion

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King Cotton

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term used to describe the dominance of the South's cash crop (cotton) on politics, agriculture, and society prior to the Civil War in the Ante-Bellum South

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Anaconda Plan

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the union (Northern) plan devised by General Winfield Scott to blockade the south and restrict its trade to win the war

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Black Codes

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passed by Southern "Johnson" governments to force Freedmen back on the plantations

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John Brown

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fanatic anti-slavery leader who attempted to start a massive slave uprisingby seizing the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the FugitiveSlave Law _ _ _ is considered to have been one of the most effective anti-slavery statements made prior to the Civil War

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Dred Scott Case

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1857 Supreme Court case that developed the fact that slaves were property not persons entitled to constitutional rights. it was the second supreme court decision to declare a law unconstitutional-Missouri Compromise

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scalawag

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a southern supporter of nothern "carpet bag" governments during reconstruction in the south

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stalwart

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a supporter of the republican party during the Gilded Age who supported the Spoils System, Protective Tariffs, and Hard Money; he opposed reform

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reconstruction

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the period following the civil war in which the devastated southern states were slowly restored economically, politically, and socially

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Jim Crow Laws

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laws enforcing seregation or control of blacks in such a manner as to make them unequal after reconstruction

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Knights of Labor

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early american labor union that failed to achiece economic and social acceptance because its memers were unskilled, expendable and "un-american." the union was prone to ciolence, linked to communism, and anarchism

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grantism

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a 19th century term for political corruption during the Gilded Age, which included bribery scandals, abuses of the spoils system, and political cronyism

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tweed ring

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during the gilded age it was the notorious Tammany Hall political machine led by "Boss" Willian Marcy Tweed. in two years it defrauded the city of $200,000,000 1868-1871

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robber barons

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the term used to describe the gilded age monopolist for their social darwinist practices who referred to themselves as "captains of industry"

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social darwinism

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19th century belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by charles darwin could be applied to society

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the USS MAINE

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american battleship that blew up in Havana, Cuba and ultimately started the Spanish-American War of 1898, "to hell with Spain! Remember the Maine!"

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Open Door Policy

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secretary of state John Hay's plan in 1899 to give all countries equal trading rights with China and respect Chinese sobereignty. derived from his " _ _ _-Notes" which closed the door to the European/Japanese "spheres of influence"

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Roosevelt corollary

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(to the Monroe doctrine) us promised to intervene in latin American affairs if its police powers needed to be used

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clayton anti-trust act

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signed into law by president Wilson the _ _ _ was considered to be the magna carta of labor. it outlawed restraining orders (injunctions)> its primary purpose was to outlaw price discrimination and interlocking directorates

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yellow journalism

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sensation newspaper reporting by William randolf hearst and jay Pulitzer's news journals that helped instigate a war with spain

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de lone letter

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Spanish ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the us mail and published by American newspapers. it criticized president McKinley in insulting terms. used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898

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American federation of labor

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was the first successful trade union that succeeded in bringing acceptance to unions because its members were skilled and were willing to avoid strikes through "collective bargaining"

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the jungle

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muckraker uption Sinclair wrote the _ during the progressive era. it prompted president t Roosevelt to sign the meat inspection act

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Sherman anti trust act

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passed to curb the abuses of big business in 1890, it was instead used to break up labor unions by claiming unions were a "LAbor trust"

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hull house

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during the industrial revolution jame Addams founded _ _ a settlement house that offered social programs for immigrants

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plessy vs. ferguson 1896

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supreme court case that upheld Jim Crow segregation laws as legal so as they were "Equal"

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WEB Dubois

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progressive author and founder of the NAACP who thought that blacks would be served by the "talented 10th" and receive government aid to gain equality

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scientific management

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(1883) Frederick taylor's introduction of the _ _ helped industrial engineers to produce more efficient factories

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Booker T Washington

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African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

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triangle shirtwaist first

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1911 death of 145 people (mostly young immigrant girls) burned to death crushed to death by leaping out of windows etc. resulted in stronger building codes

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big stick policy

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nickname of teddy Roosevelt's bold policy (gun boat diplomacy) in latin america

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hooverizing

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voluntary rationing of food stuffs during WWI named after Herbert hoover the head of the food administration

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rugged individualism

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the principle of strong self reliance in Frederick Jackson turner's frontier thesis and used as a theme to the harding election camptaign of 1920

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speakeasies

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illegal, yet popular, bars that sold liquor during prohibition in the 1920's

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teapot dome scandal

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the unlawful leasing of public oil fields to pricate business during the harding administration

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Sussex pledge

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Germany pledged to stop the use of unrestricted submarine warfare during WWI when the US protested the sinking of unarmed ships

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Nye committee

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1930's senate investigation that linked economic interests in the US to the US entry into WWI

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marcus garvey

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founder of UNIA (united negro improvement association) and the motherland Africa movement in the 1920's . he was jailed for fraud.

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Volstead act

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the act that was passed to define what "hard liquor" was and set up the law enforcement apparatus to police prohibition

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lost generation

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alienated authors disillusioned with the 1920 - conformity and culture including Faulkner, fitzgerald, hemingway, and Gertrude stein

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harlem renaissance

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African American art, music and literature that flourished in the 1920's in new York city

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league of nations

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an organization of states proposed by Woodrow Wilson in 1919 that would provide "Collective security" against war

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fourteen points

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in 1919 president Woodrow Wilson proposed this plan to the allied powers to avoid future wars

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2nd new deal

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legislative program focusing on REFORM begun by FDR in 1935 when the first attempt to end the depression failed

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huey long

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governor of Louisiana during the great depression he criticized FDR for not going far enough. his "SHare the wealth" program demanded all incomes exceeding $1 million be confiscated

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manhattan project

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the most expensive and important US research project during WWII it developed the A-bomb

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cash and carry policy

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FDR's policy of supplying GB and easing US non interventionalist fears of war, while violating the neutrality acts

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GI bill

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passed by congress during WWII the _ _ provided monies for vets to adjust to post war life

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fireside chats

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president FDR's weekly radio addresses to the nation during the great depression

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isolationism

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the unofficial us foreign policy adopted after WWI and lasted until US was drawn into WWII

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first 100 days

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the first executive driven relief and recovery actions taken by FDR during the depression after his inauguration in 1993

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marshall plan

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the economid aid provided to European nations shortly after WWII to help stop the spread and CONTAIN communism and rebuild the worm and torn economies of western

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Keynesian economies

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government spending during the depression periods and high taxes during periods of boom (tax and spend)

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Tehran, Yalta, and potsdam

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the three most important allied conferences of WWII

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fair deal

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Truman's domestic program to head off a post war depression and address important social issues facing the nation

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Truman doctrine

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the doctrine, enunciated by harry Truman in 1947, that the US would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by communist expansion

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HUAC

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late 1940's early 1950's red scare investigation called the house of un American activities committee

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dixiecrat

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led by strom Thurmond southern democrats who opposed trumans desegregation of the us army and opposed civil rights legislation

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NATO

answer

north atlantic treaty organization - a mutual defense pact formed in 1949 by the US and major western European countries

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containment

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the us foreign policy adopted by the Truman administration in which the us would limit communism to those countries where it already existed

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sputnik

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first artificial satellite launched into space by the USSR in 1957. began the space race between the US and Russia plus a great deal of hysteria and fear of nuclear war

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SCLC

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southern Christian leadership conference was the civil rights organization founded by ML King Jr. in 1956

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satellites

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soviet controlled eastern European nations during the cold war 1945-1989

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Julius and ethel rosenberg

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first two American citizens executed during peacetime for giving atomic bomb secrets to the soviets. fueled anti communist hysteria known and mccarthyism

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bay of igs

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unsuccessful attempt by Cuban refugees backed by the us (Kennedy) to overthrow castro in cuba

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pentagon papers

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Daniel elsberg released top secret documents revealing us dealings in southeast asia and the vietname war that reinvigorated the waning anti-war movement

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credibility gap

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the _ _ was part of the complexity of the Vietnam war when general Westmoreland's assessment of the war turned out to be wrong. the media believed he was deliberately misleading them

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domino theory

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the cold war belief that if one nation comes under communist control its neighboring nations would also fall to communism

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watergate

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the breaking by Nixon staff members into the DNC Head quarters housed in the hotel. it resulted in cover-ups, obstruction and the eventual resignation of nixon

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silent majority

answer

the mainstream of middle American society that supported the us domestic policy and foreign policy in the late 1960's and early 1970's and opposed the loud studentanti war types and protestors I general with slogans such as "America love it or leave it"

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counter culture

answer

1960's - 1970's anti-establishment youth movement that opposed the Vietnam war, believed in the use of mind expanding drugs and extreme liberalism

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kent state

answer

4 students killed during SDS led anti-establishment-anti-war protests in the 1070's

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vietcong

answer

communist guerilla forces that were formed after the French involvement in vietnam ended and the us involvement in southeast asia began

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tet offensive

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1968 offensive action by NVA and the national liberation front that was a military failure but a propaganda victory

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great society

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this was Lyndon Johnson's program of bringing economic, social and political progress to the US from 1965 -1969 - SO CALLED THE "wAR ON POVERTY"

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EPA

answer

environmental protection agency - established in the Nixon administration in 1970 to monitor and reduce pollution

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port huram statement 1962

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SDS leader ton hayden manifesto that rejected what they claimed was a system of power rooted in possession, privelage, racism, or circumstance

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silent spring

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a book written by Rachel carson that helped launch the environmentalist movement in the 1960's

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brinkmanship

answer

political power politics practiced by kennedy and khrushchev in the early 1960's. berlin crisis of 1961 (wall) and the Cuban missile crisis (1962). using the threat of war

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ho chi minh trail

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in the Vietnam war, the _ _ _ _ was the supply route used by the communist forces of Vietnam to ferry war supplies through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam

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SDS

answer

students for a democratic society was a radical anti-war organization during the late 1960's and early 1970's responsible for leading anti-war protests and campus ciolence

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gulf of Tonkin resolution

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the _ _ _ _ gave LBJ the authority to use combat troops in vietnam

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ping pong diplomacy

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Nixon administrations's visits to communist china

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iran-contra scandal

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the _ _ _ involved a secret arms-for-hostage-deal between the us (Reagan administration) and iran to fund money for contra rebels (anti-communists) in central america

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Iranian hostage crisis

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this occurred when a Islamic fundamentalist revolution broke out in the late 1970's in iran, and the US embassy was captured in Tehran. it helped destroy the chances for carter's reelection

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moral majority

answer

a movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative republicans opposed to abortion, communism, and liberalism

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stagflation

answer

______ was an anemic economy with double digit inflation and high interest rates in the ford and carter years

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ERA

answer

feminist sponsored legislation to further women's rights in the late 1970s that failed to pass with the necessary votes in the senate in the early 1980s

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camp david accords

answer

a peace deal broken by james earl carter that involved Israel and Egypt in 1978

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911

answer

worst us terror attack the resulted in the destruction of the WTC in NYC and began the war on terror

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baby boom

answer

americans born between 1947-1963. the largest population group in America that is rapidly aging

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glass ceiling

answer

charges made by feminist who were unhappy with the lack of higher level management positions (CEOs) in American companies and lower salaries for women

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