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Central business district

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a concentration of business and commerce in the cities downtown

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cities are integral to the development of societies and to change, not as stages upon which humans act.

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cities do not simply reflect changing economies and politics. Rather, cities create the conditions necessary for economies and politics to change.

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synekism

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the conditions that derive from dwelling together in a particular home place or space

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worldwide, more people live in urban areas than rural areas

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in 2010, more than 50% of chinas population lived in urban environments

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urban

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refers to the built up space of the central city and suburbs. urban areas include the city and surrounding environments connected to the city. an urban place is distinctively non rural and nonagricultural.

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from beginnings of human society to 3000 bc, less than 1% lived in urban areas.

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with cities established in Mesopotamia, the nile river, Mesoamerica, and Asia, proportion of worlds population living in cities rose only slightly

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industrial revolution in mid 1700's in great britain, urbanization exploded

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great britain/netherlnads became predominantly urban for the first time. in western europe, the US, canada, and japan, 4 out of 5 people live in towns or cities. in china, figure is 5 out of 10, and in india, 7/10 live in rural areas.

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cities are centers for political power and industrial might, higher education and technological innovation, artistic achievement and medical advances.

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they are the great markets. they are the anchors and instigators of modern culture; urban systems and their spokes form the structural skeleton of society.

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city

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an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

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SEZ

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special economic zone happened in Guangdong, china

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first city was established 8000 years ago

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only in last 200 years did cities begin to resemble their modern size and structure.

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agricultural village

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small in size and population, involved in agriculture, people lived at near-subsistence levels producing just enough to get by. the dwellings were the same size and contained same number of possessions. permanent populations. egalitarian societies persisted long after agriculture began.

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egalitarian

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sharing of goods in common among the people

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area of southwest Asia called fertile crescent

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first agricultural hearth

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additional archeological evidence portrays agricultural villages in the later hearths of agricultural innovation as also fitting these descriptors

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indus river valley and Mesoamerica

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cities are not egilatarian

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-generate personal material wealth -trade over long distances -live in stratified classes that are usually represented by the housing -ingage in diversity of economic activities (not just agriculture)

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agricultural surplus

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(component that enabled city to stabilize and grow) theory states that advances in technology such as irrigation lead to surplus, leadership class formed to control the surplus and the technology that produced it

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social stratification

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(component that enabled city to stabilize and grow) theory holds that a king or priest-king centralized political power and then demanded more labor to generate an agricultural surplus, which would then help the ruler retain political power

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leadership class

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urban elite, consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others. controlled food supply, including its production, storage and distribution. used their time not working in fields

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first urban revolution

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the innovation of the city. occurred separately in six separate hearths. people did military, trade and government

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Mesopotamia

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first hearth of agriculture, fertile crescent. first place archeologists find evidence of cities, dating to 3500 BCE. region of great cities such as Ur and Babylon located between tigris and euphrates rivers. temples dominated landscape, protected by mud wall with temples and shrines in the center. social inequality between priest-kings and common people. rulers lived in palaces. agricultural laborers.

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Nile river valley

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2nd hearth of urbanization. 3200 BCE. interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation distinguishes itself from other hearths. rulers lived in pyramids, tombs, and sphinx.

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Indus River Valley

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third urban hearth, 2200 BCE. Harappa and Omhrnjo-Daro, first cities of indus river valley. all houses are equal in size.

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Huang He (yellow) and Wei (yangtzi) Valleys (present day china)

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Fourth urban hearth dating back to 1500 BCE. center of city was designated for leadership class. urban elite demonstrated power with large structures. Emperor Huang ordered great wall of china and mausoleum with terra cotta warriors built for himself

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Mesoamerica

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fifth urban hearth dating back to 1100 BCE. ancient cities were religious centers.Olmec built cities of gulf of mexico. olmec carved stone monuments

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Peru

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sixth urban hearth. the Chavin built cities in Peru dating to 900 BCE. Chain was largest settlement.

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Population in ancient cities

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mesopotamia and nile river valley had between 10,000 and 15,000 inhabitants. maximum sustainable size based on food production, gathering, social organization.

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Diffusion of urbanization

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diffused from Mesopotamia in several directions. populations grew with steady food supply.

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secondary hearth

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greece is a secondary hearth because agriculture and urbanization diffused there from mesopotamia. greek city form and function diffused around the world centuries later through european colonialism. urbanization diffused from greece to roman empire.

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Greece cont.

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-cities began over 3500 years ago when the city of Knossos on the island of Crete became the cornerstone of the system of towns in the Minoan civilization. -by 500 BCE, greece had become one of the most highly urbanized areas on earth. -encompassed network of more than 500 cities and towns -athens and sparta became greeces largest cities -at that time, athens was largest city in the world with 250,000 inhabitants -life for average person was horrible -majority of cities were located by Mediterranean sea

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acropolis

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high point of the city where people built the most impressive structures-usually religious. -parthenon of athens remains most famous

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agora

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market in greece, focus of commercial activity. opened, sanctioned squares

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Roman cities

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-transportation networks -greatly influenced by greece. greeks planned colonial cities in rectangular grid pattern, and romans adopted this plan whenever possible.

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cite

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permanent placement of city

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situation

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based on its role in the larger, surrounding context -when roman empire dissolved, rome became center of roman catholic church

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urban morphology

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the layout of the city, its physical form and structure.

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Roman Forum

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development of western civilization. served as the focal point of roman public life. Rome took acropolis and agora from Greece and combined them to make the forum. -includes worlds first stadium, the colosseum

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functional zonation

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When we add the purpose or use of buildings to the map of morphology of a city. reveals how different areas or segments of a city serve different purposes or functions within the city.

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Urban growth after greece and rome

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-middle ages in europe (500-1300) -urban growth continued around the world

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site and situation during european exploration

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-before european exploration, most cities in the world were cited on trade routes in the interiors of continents. this changed when european explorers introduced oceanic worldwide trade. -

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key cities for international trade networks

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-cape town -lima-callao -new York city

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second agricultural revolution

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-seed drill -hybrid seeds -improved breeding practices for livestock -improved organization of production -improved market collaboration -improved storage capacities -agricultural laborers moved to cities in hopes of getting wages usable in the european cash based economy -manufacturers tapped into this, expanded industrial production

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primary determinant in location of early industrial city

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proximity to a power source

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the chaotic industrial city

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-steam engine gave cities not near coal fields chance to industrialize -horrible living conditions -north america didn't suffer as MUCH as Europe

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trade areas

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urban geographers use trade areas to explore different size cities. Every city and town has a trade area, an adjacent region within which its influence is dominant. Customers come from all around to use this area.

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quantitative studies in urban geography

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-population -trade area -distance

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rank-size rule

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-large cities -medium cities -small towns -villages in a model urban heiarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the heiarchy. size differences between city levels become smaller at lower levels of the heiarchy. happens by chance or economies of scale (efficiency). does not apply in countries with one dominant city.

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primate city

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a countrys leading city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. largest and most economically influential within the state, with the next largest being much smaller and less influential

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primate cities in former colonies

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-Mexico city -mexico and manila -the Philippines

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primate cities in non colonial states

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-london in the uk -paris in france

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central place theory- Cristaller's theory

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set of assumptions -surface of ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers -soil fertility equal everywhere -population and purchasing power is the sam everywhere -region would have a uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each settlement to the other -from any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

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central place theory in real world

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-central places would be nested, so largest central place provided greatest level of functions to most of region -within trade area, series of larger towns would provide functions to several smaller places. the smaller places would then provide fewer central functions to a smaller-yet service area. -each central place has a surrounding complementary region, an exclusive trade area within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of certain goods at a given price and within a certain range of travel. -internet and interstate system make his theory less relevant today

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naming stores in an area can change the conceptions given to that area

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green country, oklahoma. northeastern part of the state

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sun belt phenomenon

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phenomenon of past four decades, movement of millions of americans from northern and northeastern states to the south and southwest. results from deliberate governmental economic and social policies that favor sun belt cities through federal spending on military, space, and research facilities.

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city models

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reveal how cities are purposefully structured to perform the roles they have as centers of commerce, education, transport, industry, and governance.

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functional zonation

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division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions)

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globalization has created common cultural landscapes in the financial districts of many world cities.

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studying the location and interplay of zones within cities and the changing cultural landscape of cities helps us grasp the interplay between cities and globalization

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zone

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proceeded by a descriptor that conveys the purpose of that area of the city. areas with a relatively uniform land use

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central city

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urban area that is not suburban. refers to the older city opposed to new suburbs.

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suburb

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outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area, and is often adjacent to the central city. most are residential

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suburbanization

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process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized, as people from city move here. 50% of americans live in suburbs

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concentric zone model

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-city is divided into five concentric zones, defined by their function -1. at center is CBD, subdivided into financial, retail, theater -2. zone of transition, residential deterioration by business and light manufacturing -3. ring of closely spaced but adequate homes occupied by blue collar workforce -4. middle class residences -5. suburban ring

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sector model

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Hoyt argued that the city grows outward from the center, creating zones shaped like a piece of pie. pie pieces describe high-rent residential, intermediate-rent residential, low-rent residential, education and recreation, transportation, and industrial sectors

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multiple nuclei model

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more than one nucleus (CBD)

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edge city

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suburban downtowns. ex -tysons corner, virginia (outside of washington dc) -irvine, california (outside of la)

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megacity

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primate city in developing country. city has a large population, vast territorial extent, rain in-migration, and a strained, inadequate infrastructure

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griffin-ford model

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south american cities blend traditional elements of south american culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene, combining racial sectors and concentric zones. -CBD is focus, is divided into traditional market sector and modern high rise sector -commercial spine shoots out of CBD and is surrounded by medium to wealthy class -majority is dedicated to poor -industrial park -gentrification zone, where old buildings are conserved

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shantytowns

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unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood etc.

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disamenity sector

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very poorest parts of city controlled by gangs and drug lords

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the african city

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-majority of people are farmers in tropics -under 40% urbanized in tropics -57% outside of tropics -africa has worlds fastest growing cities -africa's major cities are johannesburg, cape town, and durban

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favelas in brazil

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horrible living conditions, hopefully will be improved

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african city model

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-colonial cbd, informal/periodic market zone. transitional business center commerce is conducted from curbside. vertical development occurs here. -traditional cbd, only one story buildings. -market zone, open air and informal -ethnic and mixed neighborhoods. mining and manufacturing occurs here -african cities are encircled by vast shantytowns rapidly growing as a result of virtually unchecked in-migration

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southeast asian city

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-some of worlds most populated cities -malaysia Petronas towers

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mcgee model

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-focal point is the old colonial port zone combined with the larger commercial district that surrounds it. -cbd's are separate clusters surrounding old colonial port zone: the government zone, western commercial zone, alien commercial zone (chinese merchants), mixed land use zone (light industry) -has sector for middle class

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zoning laws

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cities define areas of the city and designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone. portland, oregon is the "best planned"

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government planning shapes how city is formed

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people shape cities by choosing to live in a certain neighborhood and by opening stores, churches, and sporting fields

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manila, the philippines

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digging through trash

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redlining

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financial institutions would identify risky neighborhoods in cities, black neighborhoods, and refuse to offer loans to anyone who wanted to move into these neighborhoods.

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blockbusting

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realtors would solicit white residents of the neighborhood to sell their house because black people had moved in.

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commercialization

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transforms cbd into an area attractive to residents and tourists.

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gentrification

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the rehabilitation of houses in older neighborhoods-took hold in the central city neighborhoods of many cities. rising costs of city living due to gentrification have played a key role in the growing problem of homelessness in american cities.

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teardowns

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houses getting teared down

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mcmansions

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new supersize mansions with same look

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urban sprawl

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unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads under large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. rampant in sun belt (atlanta and houston)

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new urbanism

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development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

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new urbanist constructed cities

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-seaside, fl -west laguna, ca -kentlands, maryland

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cairo population exploding

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buildings are hodge podge

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top urban sprawl city in the us

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riverside-san bernardio

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gated communities

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fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles. -safety -increase housing values 6% of americans live in gated communities -china gated communities: 5-10x more densely populated than north america and europe.

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ethnic neighborhoods in european cities are typically afflicted with migrants from former colonies

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algerians in france

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government policy and immigrant accommodation

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-as immigrants move in, locals move out -mahgreb of africa, algeria and morocco -turks in brussels cluster, morrocans don't

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amsterdam

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housing and neighborhoods are multicultural

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mombasa

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partitioned among ethnic groups

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informal economy

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the economy that is not taxed and is not counted towards a countrys gross national income.

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mumbai, india

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global cud

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world cities

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function at global scale, as service centers of world economy

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node

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a place where action and interaction occur

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capital cities are magnets for economic and political activity within its state and the globe

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the global media industry is becoming the driving force in the reshaping of cities (spaces of consumption)

Urban Geography Chapter 9 – Flashcards

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