Unit IV Ap Human Geo – Flashcards
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Frontier
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A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
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City-state
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a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
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state
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a politically organized body of people under a single government
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Sovereignty
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ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
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Territory
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the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state
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Compact state (definition and examples)
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A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.
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Fragmented state
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A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
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Elongated state
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A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.
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Prorupted state
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a state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory
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Perforated state
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A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
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Exclave
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a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
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Enclave
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an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
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Landlocked states (disadvantages)
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A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
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Micro-states (examples and challenges)
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states with very small land areas
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Stateless nations (examples)
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nations without states (Palestinians)
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Irredentism
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The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
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Physical boundaries
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Boundaries based on mountains, rivers, deserts.
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Mountains as boundaries
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Sometimes impassable (good in that case)
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Water as a boundary
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Boundary usually in center of water
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Deserts as boundaries
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Sometimes impassable (good in that case)
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Cultural boundaries
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borders based on culture traits, like language and religion
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Linguistic boundaries
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borders based on language
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Religious boundaries
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borders based on religion
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Geometric boundaries
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boundaries that follow regular, geometric patterns
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Antecedent boundaries
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A boundary line established before an area is populated
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Subsequent boundaries
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Boundary line established after an area has been populated that considered the social and cultural characteristics of the area.
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Superimposed boundaries
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Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern.
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Relict boundaries
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A political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape.
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Boundary disputes
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territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners
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Definitional disputes
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focus on legal language (e.g. median line of a river: water levels may vary)
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Locational disputes
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definition is not in dispute, the interpretation is; allows mapmakers to delimit boundaries in various ways
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Operational disputes
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neighbors differ over the way the boundary should function (migration, smuggling) (e.g., US/Mexico)
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Buffer state
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small country located between two hostile powers and whose presence decreased the possibility of conflict between them
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Border landscapes
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1. Exculsionary- Meant to keep people out 2. Inclsionary- Meant to facillitate trade and movement
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Territorial disputes
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A disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land
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Self-determination
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the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will
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Nation-state concept
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It is impossible to form a perfect nation-state, only come close
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Immigrant state
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a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Immigrant states are popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity (e.g., US, Germany,...).
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Colonialism
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exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one, Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
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Manifest destiny
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a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
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Heartland/Rimland Theory
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Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world./ Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
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Shatterbelt
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a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
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Mackinder
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Heartland Theory (1904)
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Decolonization
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The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory.
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Apartheid
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a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites
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Satellite states
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Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War
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Balance of Power
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an equilibrium of power between nations
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Gateway state
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A state, by virtue of its border location between geopolitical power cores, that absorbs and assimilates cultures and traditions of its neighbors without being dominated by them.
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Unitary state (adv & dis)
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An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
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Federal states
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An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
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Confederation
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An alliance of independent states
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Core/periphery
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national or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated
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Capital (location)
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a seat of government
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Forward capital
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capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
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Balkanization
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Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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Centripetal forces
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Forces that bond a country together.
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Centrifugal forces
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forces that tend to divide a country.
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Geopolitics
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the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
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Law of the Sea
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Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
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Devolution
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the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)
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Supranationalism
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Association of three or more states.
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European Union
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an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada
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Iron Curtain
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a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
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Cold War
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A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
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Partition of India
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The Partition of India is the process that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and Union of India (later Republic of India) upon the granting of independence from the British Empire, marking the end of the British rule of India.
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Gerrymandering
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the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
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Wasted vote
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spreads opposition across many districts thinly so that they are the minority
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Reapportionment
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the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
