Unit 4: Organic Chemistry – Flashcards
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Full structural formula
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2D representation of the molecule showing which atoms are bonded to which
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Condensed structural formula
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gives the structure for the molecule but in condensed for (i.e. CH₃CH₃ = ethane)
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Types of Carbon
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- primary carbon - secondary carbon - tertiary carbon - quaternary carbon
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Primary (1⁰) Carbon
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only one of its 4 bonds is to another carbon.
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Secondary (2°) Carbon
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two of its 4 bonds are to other carbon atoms.
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Tertiary (3°) Carbon
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three of its 4 bonds are to other carbon atoms.
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Quaternary (4°) Carbon
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all four of its 4 bonds are to other carbon atoms.
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Classes of Organic Compounds
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- Alkanes - Alkenes - Alkynes - Alcohol - Ether - Aldehyde - Ketone - Carboxylic acid - Ester - Amine - Amide
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Hydrocarbons
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-organic compounds that contain only C and H. -the chief source of hydrocarbon is PETROLEUM. (definitely nonpolar) - Aliphatic hydrocarbons - Aromatic hydrocarbons
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
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- alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes - mostly insoluble in water because they are nonpolar (hexane is a common organic solvent) - smaller mass (fewer carbons) = lower boiling point - larger mass = higher boiling point - increase branching = lower boiling point
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Alkanes
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- alkanes are saturated Hydrocarbons - only single bonds between carbon atoms.(the molecule contains all the H atoms possible for the number of carbon atoms present.) - General Formula: C(n)H(2n+2)
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Haloalkanes
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- are alkanes which one or more hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a halogen atom - fluoro = F -cloro = C - bromo = Br - iodo = I
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Alkenes
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- alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons - one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. (less than maximum # of H's.) - general formula: CnH2n
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Alkynes
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- alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons - one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms. (less than maximum # of Hs) - general formula: CnH2n-2
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Cyclic Hydrocarbons
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- forms a ring - i.e. cyclopentane
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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- are benzene and benzene-related compounds. -benzene = 6 member ring with alternating double bonds.
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IUPAC
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- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. -developed standard nomenclature
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Alkly Groups
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side chains or -R groups.
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Functional Group
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- an atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that gives it characteristic physical and chemical properties. - a place in the compound where chemical reactions occurs. - for an alkene is the double bond; for the alkyne it is the triple bond - in many organic compound, it contains an oxygen atom
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Alcohols
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- functional group = hydroxyl group - general formula: R-OH - are not bases - fairly soluble in water - boiling point is fairly high; the more OH, the higher the boiling point - OL
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Primary (1°) Alcohol
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-the OH group is attached to a primary carbon (bonded to 1 carbon)
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Secondary (2°)Alcohol
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-the OH group is attached to a secondary carbon (bonded to 2 carbon)
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Tertiary (3°) Alcohol
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-the OH group is attached to a tertiary carbon (bonded to 3 carbon)
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Ether
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- functional group: -C-O-C- - fairly soluble in water - increase branching = lower boiling point - straight chain = higher boiling point - OXY alkane
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Aldehyde
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- general formula: RCHO (found in the end chain) - carbonyl group - low molecular mass = water soluble - AL
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Ketone
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- general formula: RCOR' - carbonyl group - low molecular mass = water soluble - ONE
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Carboxylic acid
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- general formula: RCOOH - carboxyl group - weak acids - very polar and can hydrogen bond - high solubility and high boiling point - OIC acid
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Esters
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- general formula: RCOOR' - polar, fairly soluble in water - fairly high boiling point - alkyl -OATE
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Amines
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- general formula: R-NH₂ - amino group - good solubility (polar and can H-bond) - medium to high boiling point - AMINOalkane
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Amides
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- general formula: RCNO
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Isomers
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compounds that have the same molecular formula(same number and type of each element) but differ in the arrangement of atoms.
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Structural Isomers
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- compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. - Three types of structural isomers: skeletal, positional, and functional.
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Skeletal Isomers
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differ only in the arrangement of atoms in the carbon skeleton.
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Positional Isomers
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differ in the position of the double bond, triple bond, halogen atom, or functional group.
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Functional Isomers
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- differ in the type of bond or the type of functional group. - names are more dramatically different
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Stereoisomers
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- compounds that have the same molecular formula and a very slightly different arrangement of atoms in the molecule - 2 types: geometrical and optical isomers
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Geometric Isomers
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- result from hindered rotation about a double bond. - hindered does not rotate freely. - Cis isomer: on same side (adjacent) -Trans isomers: on opposite side (across)
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Optical Isomers
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-occur when an organic compound contains an asymmetric carbon atom. -non- superimposable mirror images of each other.
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Asymmetric Carbon
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a carbon atom which has four different atoms or groups atoms attached to it.
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Organic reactions
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- oxidation - addition - substitution - condensation - hydrolysis - neutralization
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Oxidation
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- reaction with oxygen - 1° alcohol → aldehyde + water - 2° alcohol → ketone + water - aldehyde → carboxylic acid - organic compound + xs O₂ →CO₂ + H₂O (complete combustion)
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Addition
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-losing a double or triple bond - alkene + H₂ → alkane - alkene + X₂ → haloalkane - alkene + H₂O →alcohol - alkene + H₂ → alkane - alkene +X₂ → haloalkane
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Substitution
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- it is changing places with halogen - alkane + X₂ → haloaklane + HX - banzene + X₂ → halobenzene + HX
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Condensation
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- two small compounds combine (water is a product) - alcohol + Alcohol → ether + H₂O - carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + H₂O - carboxylic acid + amine → amide + H₂O
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Hydrolysis
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-opposite of condensation ( large molecule breaks apart with water) - ether + H₂O → 2 alcohols - ester + H₂O → carboxylic acid + alcohol - amide + H₂O → carboxylic acid + amine
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Neutralization
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- acid + base → salt + water
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