Unit 4 Ch 17 Science/ Enlightenment
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Scientific Revolution
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a period of great scientific change and discovery during the 15th, 16th, and 17th century
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Aristotle
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Great Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C. His view: a motionless earth was fixed at the center of the universe.
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Ptolemy
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The last great ancient astronomer. His achievement: worked out complicated rules to explain the minor irregularities in the movement of the planets.
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Nicholas Copernicus, on the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
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He theorized that the stars and planets, including the earth, revolved around a fixed sun.
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Geocentricism
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The theory that the Earth is at the center of the universe and the Sun and other objects go around it.
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Heliocentricism
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The theory that the sun is at the center of the universe and/or the solar system.
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Tycho Brahe
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Built the most significant observatory of his day; mass data limited understanding of mathematics prevented him from making sense out of his data; believed that all the planets revolved around the sun
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Johannes Kepler
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formulated three famous laws of planetary motion: the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical; the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits; the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is related to its distance from the sun.
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Galileo Galilei
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Great achievement was the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method; formulated law of inertia- brought before the inquisition and forced to recant heliocentric belief.
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Isaac Newton
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Accomplishment was to integrate in a single system the astronomy of Copernicus (universal gravitation), as corrected by Kepler's laws, with the physics of Galileo; wrote \"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\"- calculus
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Francis Bacon
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Contributed to the development of better ways of obtaining knowledge about the world; formulated empiricism.
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Scientific Method
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A method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses.
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Inductive Reasoning / Empiricism
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Bacon formalized the empirical method into the general theory of inductive reasoning
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Rene Descartes
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17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle \"i think therefore i am\"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism, scientific laws could be formed only through a logical process (deductive reasoning)
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The Enlightenment
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the Enlightenment, a philosophical movement of the 18th century, characterized by belief in the power of human reason and by innovations in political, religious, and educational doctrine.
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Bernard de Fontenelle
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Set out to make science witty and entertaining for a broad nonscientific audience; wrote \"Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds\"
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Pierre Bayle
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Critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past in his \"Historical and Critical Dictionary\"
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John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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Set forth a new theory about how human beings learn and form their new ideas: he insisted that all ideas are derived from experience.
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Tabula Rasa
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the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet on which the environment writes the individual's understanding and beliefs.
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Philosophes
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thinkers or philosophers of the Enlightenment Proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures in an Age of Enlightenment.
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Jean le Rond d'Alembert
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Made a sharp distinction between the truly enlightened public and the blind and noisy multitude.
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Baron de Montesquieu, the Spirit of Laws
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Applied the critical method to the problem of government; the result was a complex comparative study of republics, monarchies, and despotism.
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Voltaire
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Real name was Francois Marie Arout; was a reformer rather than a revolutionary in social and political matters; his writings challenged the Catholic church.
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Madame du Chatelet
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Long-time companion of Voltaire; concentrated on spreading the ideas of others - became uncertain of her ability to make important scientific discoveries because she was a woman.
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Denis Diderot
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encyclopedia editor, along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.,- 28 volumes with 3,000 pages & illustrations - covered everything known about science, technology & history. criticized the Church and gov and praised religious tolerance, banned on France
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Baron Paul d'Holbach, System of Nature
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Argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces; free will, God, and immortality of the soul were myths.
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Deism
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God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.
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David Hume
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Argued that the human mind is really nothing but a bundle of impressions.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract
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Contribution was based on two fundamental concepts: The general will and popular sovereignty.
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Immanuel Kant
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Argued that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, then enlightenment would almost surely follow., influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)
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Salons
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Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas- held by wealthy women
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Frederick II (the Great)
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enlightened despot; seized Silesia, relative religious toleration, wanted to rationalize legal system (more efficient/national/limit aristocratic influence), 'first servant of the state'
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Catherine II (the Great) of Russia
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enlightened despot; Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796), did not believe in equality of classes
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Emelian Pugachev
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Cossack soldier who sparked a gigantic uprising of serfs (1773) in Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great-he proclaimed himself the true tsar and issued decrees abolishing serfdom, taxes, and army service-thousands joined him, slaughtering landlords and officials-lost to Russian army-he was captured and savagely executed
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partition of Poland
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poland was divided between austria, prussia and russia.
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Maria Theresa
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(r. 1740-1780) maintained her throne by giving Hungary Magyars prominence, reorganized army, promoted commerce and agriculture
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Joseph II
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enlightened desopt; (r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, tried really hard to improve the lives of his people, but they rebelled
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Louis XV
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grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)
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War of the Austrian Succession
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involved nearly all the powers of Europe. The war began under the pretext that Maria Theresa of Austria was ineligible to succeed to the Habsburg throne, Prussian and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides
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Enlightened Monarch
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The new concept of ruling incorporating reform from above, religious tolerance, condemnation of serfdom, equal punishments, and educational improvement, among others
