Unit 2 exam review – Flashcards
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| The oldest organisms are _____ |
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| Bacteria |
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| What are the domains of bacteria? |
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| Eubacteria and archeae |
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| True or false Eubacteria and Archeae organisms have peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
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| False Archeae have pseudomurein and eubacteria have peptidoglycan |
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| Domain Archeae is broken down into ___, ___, and ____ |
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| Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles |
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| Methanogens |
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| Strict anaerobes |
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| Halophiles |
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| Require high concentration of NaCl to survive |
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| Thermophiles |
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| Normally grow in hot environments and not generally a health threat |
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| The domain Eubacteria is broken down into ___,___, and ____ |
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| Proteobacteria, nonproteobacteria, and gram positive bacteria |
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| Describe Proteobacteria |
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| Gram negative Largest taxonomic group of bacteria |
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| Describe nonproteobacteria |
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| Gram negative Not closely related to gram - proteobacteria Include cyanobacteria |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| Carry out O2 producing photosynthesis and "fix" carbon |
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| Describe Gram positive bacteria |
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| High G and C ratio Low G and C ratio Include mycoplasms and streptococcus pyogens |
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| What are the components of the cell envelope? |
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| Glycocalyx, cell wall, and cell membrane |
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| What are the characteristics of glycocalyx? |
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| Not found in all bacteria External to the cell wall Slime: loosely attached to the cell wall Capsule: firmly attached and organized |
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| What are the benefits of glycocalyx? |
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| Protects bacteria from phagocytosis and dehydration Inhibits movement of nutrients out of the cell Allows attachment to various surfaces Storage depot for nutrients Both types are antigenic (produce antibodies) |
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| Describe the functions and composition of the cell wall |
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| Responsible for the shape of the cell Prevents cell from rupturing when water pressure is greater inside than outside Protects interior of the cell SITE OF ACTION OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS |
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| What are the components of peptidoglycan? |
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| N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides |
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| What are the characteristics of gram positive cell walls? |
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| Has many layers of peptidoglycan Contain teichoic acids (alcohol and phosphate) Under SEM the surface appears smooth Teichoic acids provide antigenic specificity to ID bacteria |
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| What are the two types of passive transport? |
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| Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
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| What are the characteristics of gram negative bacteria? |
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| No teichoic acids Have a rough appearance under SEM More susceptible to mechanical breakage |
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| What are the functions of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria? |
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| Negative charge protects it from phagocytosis and the action of complement Provides a barrier to antibiotics Porins (proteins) allow passage of other molecules |
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| What is the primary stain for the gram stain mechanism? |
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| Crystal Violet |
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| True or FalseCrystal Violet only stains gram negative bacteria |
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| False It stain gram negative AND gram positive bacteria |
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| Identify and describe the purpose of the mordant in the gram stain mechanism |
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| Iodine Makes the crystal violet stain a larger molecule to prevent it from leaving the membrane of gram positive bacteria |
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| True or FalseThe application of alcohol in the gram stain mechanism dissolves the membrane of gram NEGATIVE bacteria so the dye diffuses out of the cell |
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| True |
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| The application of ____ in the gram stain mechanism is the differential step |
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| Alcohol |
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| The application of alcohol dehydrates the ___ of the gram positive bacteria to make it more impermeable to the crystal violet/iodine |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| Identify the counterstain in the gram stain mechanism |
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| Safranin |
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| At the end of the staining process, gram positive bacteria will be ____ and gram negative bacteria will be ______ |
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| purple; pink |
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| Give two examples of acid-fast bacteria |
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| Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium TB |
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| What is the purpose of the acid-fast stain? |
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| To ID bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium Binds strongly to bacteria with a waxy component in their wall |
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| What are the primary and counter stains for the acid-fast technique? |
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| Carbolfuchsin (red) methylene blue |
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| What are the major structures in prokaryotic protoplasm? |
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| Nuclear area, ribosomes, and inclusions |
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| What two structures do eukaryotes lack in their protoplasm? |
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| Cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming |
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| What is another name for the protoplasm? |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| Define nucleoid |
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| The nuclear area in the bacterial chromosome |
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| True or falseThere IS a nuclear membrane/envelope in the bacterial chromosome |
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| False There is NOT |
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| Identify. Single long, continuous, circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA |
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| The bacterial chromosome |
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| Define plasmid |
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| Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are extra-chromosomal genetic elements not connected to the bacterial chromosome |
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| True or falsePlasmids can NOT be transferred from one bacteria to another |
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| False It CAN |
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| Define conjugation |
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| Transmit a plasmid via direct contact (sex pilus) |
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| Define transformation |
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| Naked DNA |
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| Define transduction |
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| Introduction of genes via virus |
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| What is the location and purpose of the ribosome? |
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| Cytoplasm;protein synthesis |
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| Plasmodium vivax |
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| Malaria |
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| Chlorophyta |
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| Green |
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| Rhodophyta |
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| Red |
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| Phaeophyta |
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| Brown |
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| Bacillariophyta |
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| Golden Diatoms which produce large amounts of O2 gas |
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| Dinoflagellata |
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| "Fire Algae" Responsible for red tides Golden brown |
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| Oomycota |
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| Cololess/white |
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| Dermatomycoses |
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| A disease caused by a fungus |
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| Candida Albicans |
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| Candidiasis |
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| Tineas |
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| Ringworm |
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| Tineas Cruris |
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| Ringworm of the groin |
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| Borrelia burgdorferi |
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| lyme disease |
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| Aedes aegyptii |
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| Yellow Fever |
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| Rickettsia prowazekii |
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| Epidemic Typhus |
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| Sarcoptes Scabiei |
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| Scabes |
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| Phthirus pubis |
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| crabs |
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| Virion |
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| Complete, fully developed infectious particle |
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| Viroids |
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| Short pieces of naked RNA Cause diseases in PLANTS ONLY |
