Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy – Midterm2 – Flashcards
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Existential Therapy (3 key people)
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Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom
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Existential Therapy (What does this model stress?)
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Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses BUILDING THERAPY ON THE BASIC CONDITIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE (such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination).
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Existential Therapy (What quality does this model focus on?)
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This therapy model focuses on the quality of the PERSON-TO-PERSON RELATIONSHIP
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3 Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies:
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Existential Person-Centered Gastalt
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4 Cognitive Behavioral Approaches
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Behavior therapy Cognitive behavior therapy Reality therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy
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2 Psychodynamic Approaches
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Psychoanalytic therapy Adlerian therapy
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Existential Theory Background: Philosophical Antecedents (name 3 people, and 1 major world event prior to).
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Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Nietzsche (1844-1900) Heidegger (1889-1976) after WWI - Europeans saw death all around.
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Kierkegaard (name lifespan, theory he influenced, 3 beliefs)
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1813-1855 Existential Theory believes that: -humankind's MAIN ISSUES are a RESULT of ABSENCE OF PASSION, LOVE, and COMMITMENT -PURE OBJECTIVITY (fairness, neutrality) IS IMPOSSIBLE -A subject can NEVER BE truly SEPERATED FROM its CONTEXT
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Nietzsche (name lifespan, theory he influenced, 3 beliefs)
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1844-1900 Existential Theory Beliefs: -NOT a Christian -Rationalism was a myth -Primacy of the "will to power"
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Heidegger (name lifespan, theory he influenced, & 3 beliefs)
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1889-1976 Existential Theory Beliefs: -Every choice represents the loss of an alternative -lost opportunities in the past are essential to an individual -when ruminating over lost opportunities, people feel: guilt & anxiety
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Existential (definition)
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Of or relating to existence
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Rollo May (name the following): -lifespan, birthplace -psychology background/mentors -key contribution(s) and main theory
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-1909-1994, Detroit; -Studied under: Alfred Adler (sumer abroad in Vienna) Paul Tillich (at Union Theological Seminary); -Existential Theory; - helped merge counseling and existential thought.
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Victor Frankl (name the following): -lifespan, birthplace, general family background -psychology background/mentors -key contribution(s) and main theory
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-Vienna, middle-class Jewish parents; 3 years Nazi concentration camp -psychiatrist; associated w/ Freud and Adler's theories; -advocated humanistic thought into existential theories - developed "Logotherapy"
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Logotherapy
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basic theme is to find meaning and purpose in every aspect of life (even tragedy); developed by Victor Frankl
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Who studied under alfred adler and Paul Tillich?
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Rollo May (existential theory)
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Who advanced merging of counseling and existential thought?
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Rollo May (existential theory)
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Who was born in Vienna, to middle-class Jewish parents and spent 3 years in a Nazi concentration camp?
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Victor Frankl (existential theory)
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What Psychiatrist, from existential theory, is associated with Freud and Adler's theories?
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Victor Frankl
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Who developed Logotherapy?
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Victor Frankl (existential theory)
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Who helped advocate humanistic thought into existential theories?
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Victor Frankl (existential theory)
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Existential Therapy's set techniques:
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-more about how to help others than a set patter of theory/techniques
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In Existential Therapy, individuals are a whole, made up of what 3 main categories?
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individual's are a whole made up of biological, relational, personal.
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Existential Therapy: main goals (name 4)
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- move toward wholeness - help client face anxiety - live more authentically - find meaning in life
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in Existential Therapy, an authentic being has what qualities?
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-creative -neither inherently good nor bad. -open to change -vulnerable -has hope and meaning
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Existential therapy takes a Phenomenological approach
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One must appreciate an individual's experiences to understand their behavior
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One must appreciate an individual's experiences to understand their behavior: what type of approach is this, and which therapy takes this approach?
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Phenomenological approach; Existential therapy
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In existential therapy, individuals choose how they respond to external and internal stimuli. This is called what?
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Self Responsibility (individual has potential to be aware of all sensations, thoughts, motivations, perceptions, & capable of making choices because of their potential).
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Self Responsibility
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an individual has potential to be aware of all sensations, thoughts, motivations, perceptions, & is capable of making choices because of their potential.
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Self Responsibility is correlated with which type of therapy?
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Existential
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Self Determination
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Individuals have the capacity to govern their own lives effectively - or have the ability to transcend situations and derive meaning from all types of experiences.
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In existential therapy, individuals have ability to govern their lives/transcend situations, derive meaning from experiences. This is called what?
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Self Determination (Individuals have the capacity to govern their own lives effectively - or have the ability to transcend situations and derive meaning from all types of experiences)
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Individuals cannot experience the past or the future. they can only experience self in the present. What theory does this view belong to?
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Existential theory
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anxiety is essential for growth. Which theory does this view belong to?
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Existential theory
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Existential therapy process involves 5 main themes.
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- client's relationship with therapist - client reveals true self thru facing anxieties, resistance, dreams, and telling story. - client becomes aware of self - client takes responsibility for self - client brings closure to past relationships and losses
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In Existential therapy, the client reveals their true self thru what 4 main concepts?
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client reveals true self thru: -facing anxieties -confronting resistances -exploring dreams -telling their story
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client reveals true self thru: -facing anxieties -confronting resistances -exploring dreams -telling their story What type of therapy is this?
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Existential therapy
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Name the 3 major approaches to Existentialism.
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1) Dynamic 2) Humanistic 3) Transpersonal
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Dynamic Existentialism
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psychodynamic focused (focusing on treating inner conflict and anxiety)
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Humanistic Existentialism
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client-centered (emphasizes personal experience, empathy, authenticity, unconditional positive regard)
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Transpersonal existentialism
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spiritually focused (all humans are seen as spiritual: gives another perspective on tragedies/joys of life)
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Psychoanalytic theory (name the founder, theory of ___, Philosophy of ____, and 2 points it focuses on).
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Founder: Sigmund Freud. Theory: of personality development Philosophy: of human nature METHOD of psychotherapy: focuses on unconscious behavioral motivations FOCUS: events of first 6 years of life as determinants of later personality dvlpmt
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Sigmund Freud (name lifespan; familial/cultural history)
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1856-1939 - raised by jewish parents, - influenced by Victorian society (culture of shame etc around immoral/sexual behavior)
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Sigmund Freud (training/education)
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trained in modern equivalent of neurology (commonly thought that mental illness had organic cause) Darwin/evolutionary thought influenced his scientific thinking and beliefs about adaptability and determinism.
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Darwin's evolutionary theory influenced Freud's beliefs about what?
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scientific thought Adaptability determinism
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adaptability
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ability to change
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Determinism
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Assumption of science, Behavior is caused by some event.
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Psychoanalytical Association
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1918-1939 RAPID INCREASE in worldwide #s of psychoanalytical edu. huge force in therapeutic psychology.
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Personal characteristics of effective counselors ((name 12) hint = I. A.D.H.D. S.H.E. S.L.O.P.)
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Identity Authentic, sincere, honest Deeply involved Humor Derives meaning from work Self respect & appreciation Healthy boundaries Effective Interpersonal skills Sincere interest in welfare of others Life oriented choices Open to change Passionate
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Benefits of personal therapy for the counselor (name 3)
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1) learn the model experientially (what it's like to be the client 2) further interpersonal skills 3) help manage ongoing stress at work
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transference
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therapist becomes the object of a patient's emotional attitudes toward an important person in their life (ex: parent)
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Counter transference
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When the therapist puts their emotional baggage on the client.
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Roll of Values in counseling
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...
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Role of values in developing therapeutic goals
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...
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counselors values and the therapeutic process
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...
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effective multicultural counselor
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...
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acquire competencies in multicultural counseling
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...
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incorporate culture in counseling practice
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...
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Most powerful way to teach your clients (name 2)
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model the behavior connect with them
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it is impossible to separate these three things: techniques you use, _________, and __________.
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Techniques used, your personality, & your relationship w/ client
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Counselors facilitate healing through a process of ______________________ with their clients.
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genuine dialogue
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role playing technique
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acting out a situation, without all real characters being present.
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purpose of role-playing technique
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...
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Psychoanalytic emphasis
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early psychosexual & psychosocial development
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Collaborative relationship + Teaching clients to apply lessons __________________________________
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empowers client to take active stance in their world.
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Theoretical pluralism
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using multiple theories/approaches
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Psychoanalytic therapy is largely based on what? (name 3)
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Insight unconscious motivation reconstruction of the personality
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Which ONE model has been a major influence on all other formal systems of Psychotherapy?
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Psychoanalytic therapy
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Adlerian Theory (name focuses - hint 6: abc, img)
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analytic focuses on: -ABC (Action/Behavior is Conscious) -Interest in social/belonging -Meaning -Goals
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Adlerian therapy accounts for present behavior by ______________.
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studying childhood experiences (helps understand present behavior - adlerian therapy)
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Existential approach stresses a concern for what it means to be _____________.
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fully human (a concern stressed by Existential approach)
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Preparing for counseling, you will acquire knowledge about what 3 categories?
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1) THEORIES of personality/therapy 2) TECHNIQUES for assessment and intervention 3) HUMAN BEHAVIOR dynamics
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Contextual factors
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Primary determinants of therapeutic outcome: - Alliance - client agency (focus on client) - Relationship - personal/interpersonal skills of therapist - extra-therapeutic factors
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client agency
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Any agency that is set up to serve a specific group. (ex- Social Security: older people)
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Primary determinants of therapeutic outcome
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contextual factors: Alliance, client agency (focus on client), Relationship, personal/interpersonal skills of therapist, extra-therapeutic factors
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Which heals the suffering client? A) human dimension of therapy B) techniques C) theories
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Therapy method and therapy theory combined, help heal the suffering client.
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In work as a therapist, expect to confront your own unexplored personal blocks such as:
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loneliness, power, death, intimate relationships
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if you have difficulty dealing with an area, it may be difficult to help a client in that same area. (example: anger, conflict, etc)
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...
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Active imagination
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purposeful reflection for healing, specifically using/following one's imagination
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Active imagination (developer)
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Carl Jung
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Collective unconscious
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(Carl Jung) reservoir of memories inherited from/shared with our ancestors
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Shadow
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- thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward. - Less conscious than Persona - influences development of persona (The part of us that we don't want to pay attn to - but if we ignore it, it can control us).
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ego
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(psychoanalysis) the conscious mind
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Persona
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An individual's pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (can be false/mask like in order to fit in)
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Anoma
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female aspect in collective conscious of men
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Animas
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male aspect in collective conscious of women
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Self
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expression of unity of personality; An individual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning.
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superior function
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the primary ways in which an individual expresses their conscious personality (ex: superior = thinking, inferior = feeling)
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Confession
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(Jungian Therapy) Reveal conscious and unconscious secrets, shared secret = beneficial / private = destructive
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inferior function
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the weaker/least developed personality traits of an individual; may be unconscious (dreams, fantasies, etc) (ex: superior = thinking, inferior = feeling)
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Elucidation
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explanation; clarification; shed light on darkness (Ex: "wow you sound really mad at what I just said.", "yeah, bc.......)
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Strategizing
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process of figuring out WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE, and HOW TO DO IT, in order to accomplish a goal.
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Transformation
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actualizing of true self
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True Self
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The person you actually are. (Rogers' theory)
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Ethereal
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(adj.) light, airy, delicate; highly refined; suggesting what is heavenly (rather than earthbound)
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Individuation
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(Carl Jung) emergence true self through balancing /integration conflicting parts of the personality
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Psychological type
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(Carl Jung) descriptor of personality, evolves/develops over time, superior & inferior function
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Archetype
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(Carl Jung) universal traits/characters that make up personality (seen in religion, art, history)
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Personal Unconscious
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(Carl Jung) holds trauma residue, life transition, other that is below conscious awareness, access thru dreams, therapy, life events that trigger
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Privileged communication
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Information held confidential within a protected relationship.
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Informed consent
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educates client on their rights and responsibilities; Can include: goals; counselor/client responsibilities; therapy process; legal, ethical and confidentiality terms; services, fees, counselor qualifications; etc...
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Evidence-based practice
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involves using data generated by research to inform process and outcome of treatment. omits factors of uniqueness to client personality/culture, therapist/client relationship, etc.
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Practice-based evidence
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involves using data generated during treatment to inform process and outcome of treatment
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Dual / Multiple relationships
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Counselor assumes 2+ roles with a client simultaneously or subsequently.
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Nonsexual dual relationships (name 8 examples)
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teacher and therapist supervisor and therapist bartering for goods/services borrowing money providing therapy to friend, employee, relative social relationship with client accepting expensive gift from client going into a business venture with client
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perspectives on multiple relationships
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UNAVOIDABLE: small towns, personal needs AVOIDABLE & NOT BENEFICIAL: put client needlessly at risk ETHICAL BUT UNWISE: UNETHICAL: when exploit/has significant potential harm to client
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Why are multiple relationship unwise
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potential for misusing power, exploiting client, impairing objectivity
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Critical dimensions of ethical practice in multiple relationships
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general guidelines, good judgment, willingness to reflect on own practice, awareness of own motivations
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Boundaries in Counseling
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therapeutic-fiduciary relationships ("therapeutic frame"). distinguish psychotherapy from nonprofessional relationships. - time and place of sessions, fees and confidentiality - client/therapists interactions: self-disclosure, physical contact, gifts, contact outside therapy, use of language, clothing and proximity during sessions.
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Value imposition
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Refers to counselors attempting to influence a client to adopt their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
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core beliefs
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values; beliefs that are strongly held and hard to change
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re-educative therapy
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involves learning new ways of perceiving and behaving
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psychic determinism
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Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts
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Defense mechanisms
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In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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psychosexual developmental stages
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(psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage
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free association
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(psychoanalysis) person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing, in order to explore the unconscious
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conversion hysteria
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a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause)
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psychosomatic
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Caused by mental or emotional problems rather than by physical illness.
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Reality principle
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(Freud) the attempt by the ego to find safe, realistic ways of meeting the needs of the id
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pleasure principle
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(Freud) id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.
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adaptive
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(psychoanalysis) individual's will attempt to cope with life's demands
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denial
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"closing one's eyes" to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality
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repression
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threatening or painful thoughts rand feelings are excluded from awareness
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reaction formation
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actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse
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projection
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attributing to others one's own unacceptable desires and impulses
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displacement
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directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible
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rationalization
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manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego
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sublimation
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diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels
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regression
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going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands
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introjection
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taking and "swallowing" the values and standards of others
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identification
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identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile
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compensation
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masking perceived weaknesses/ developing certain positive traits, to make up for limitations
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Object relations theory
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(psychodynamic theory) desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior
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self Psychology
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A theory that emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.
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Relationship psychoanalysis
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...
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topographic
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(psychoanalysis) there is a conscious and unconscious mind
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Dynamic
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(psychoanalysis) every effect on an individual has cause of psychic energy needing to be discharged
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economic
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(psychoanalysis) individuals seek to mediate, and distribute, pleasure and pain
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goals of psychoanalysis
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make unconscious conscious work thru unresolved dvlpmt tensions accurate sense of self - able to cope with stress
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psychoanalysis techniques
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free association transference dream interpretation analysis of resistance/defense mechanisms
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blank-screen approach
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Analysts typically assumes an anonymous stance
