Theories of crime exam 1 – Flashcards

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question
Cesare Beccaria is known for which criminological school of thought?
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The classical school
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Which of the following statements about the demonic perspective is true?
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Crime is caused by supernatural forces
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According to classical thinking, offenders _____.
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perceive that the pleasures of crime outweigh the pains of punishment
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The belief that individuals, including criminals, are rational actors characterizes which criminological perspective?
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The classical perspective
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Beccaria's ideas about human nature and behavior are closely aligned with which of the following?
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Thomas Hobbes
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The Classical School of criminology argued that _____.
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individuals choose to engage in crime based on a rational calculation of the costs versus benefits of crime
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Which of the following policies would Cornish and Clarke, based on their rational choice theory, argue would be most effective in reducing the occurrence of criminal events?
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burglar alarms on houses
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The idea that punishment reduces future crime among the people who have been punished is referred to as _____.
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specific deterrence
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According to deterrence theory, all of the following are aspects of punishment thought to deter offender except for _____.
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equality
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Strafford and Warr claim that direct avoidance of punishment plays a role in whether _____ occurs.
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specific deterrence
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Which of the following aspects of punishment shows the most promise in terms of affecting crime, according to the research on general deterrence?
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certainty
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In their rational choice theory, Cornish and Clarke assume which of the following?
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Individual rationality is constrained by all sorts of biological, psychological, and social factors.
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The idea that choices about the costs versus benefits might be constrained by the availability of time and/or relevant information is referred to as _____.
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bounded rationality
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Stafford and Warr argue that deterrence researchers should focus on _____.
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both general and specific deterrence
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According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, who among the following is least likely to be a crime victim?
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someone who is married and has children
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According to Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory, why have women become more victimized by crime in the past few decades?
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Women are more likely to be away from home by themselves, such as going to work, going to college, and going out to bars.
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According to Cohen and colleagues research in which they developed routine activities theory _____.
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crime increased starting in 1960 while, at the same time, the percentage of households unoccupied during the daytime increased
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In offender search theory (also called crime pattern theory), what is the term used to refer to places like home, school, and work that offenders travel between in their daily activities?
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nodes
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When crime is not really reduced, but is simply changed in some way, what has occurred?
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displacement
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Which of the following is a hypothesis of routine activity theory?
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Expensive movable durable goods have higher risk of theft than bulky expensive items.
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According to Lombroso's work, which of the following is true?
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Criminals are genetic throwbacks
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Lombroso's The Criminal Man state which of the following?
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Criminal have physical traits that make them "cavemen" in appearance.
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Which school of though suggests that crime is due to biological, psychological, and social forces beyond the individual's control?
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The positivist school
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According to Lombroso's The Criminal Man, crime results from _____.
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biological primitiveness
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Lombroso's ideas about the nature of crime and criminals were aligned with which of the following?
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Charles Darwin
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Scientific evaluation of Lombroso's ideas in the early to mid-1900s showed that _____.
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comparisons of criminals and carefully matched non-criminals failed to support Lombroso's ideas on the impact of atavistic features
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Lombroso's ideas were later criticized for implying which of the following type of crime-reduction policies?
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selective breeding
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Which of the following is true of Glueck and Glueck's Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency?
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Sociologists rejected the Glueck's work, suggesting that it portrayed offenders as biologically deficient.
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As discussed by Ellis and Walsh, a gene-based evolutionary theory of rape and sexual assault hypothesizes which of the following?
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Men genetically predisposed to rape will tend to be more promiscuous than other non-predisposed men.
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A perspective suggesting that traits conducive to crime may provide a reproductive advantage is _____.
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gene-based evolutionary theory
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As discussed by Ellis and Walsh, a gene-based evolutionary theory of child abuse and neglect hypothesizes which of the following?
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Children living with a non-genetically-related guardian are at higher risk of abuse and neglect as opposed to those living with a genetic relative.
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When examining genetic influences on criminal behavior, crime is most likely when _____.
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both biological and adoptive parents are criminal
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This hormone, which is associated with criminal behavior in adults, may explain gender differences in antisocial behavior: _____.
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testosterone
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A criminologist who suggest that criminal behavior is affect by head injuries is subscribing to which perspective?
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"biological harms" perspective
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Research on how the CNS and ANS can affect individual traits conducive to crime shows that, for instance, _____,
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crime, especially crimes that harm others, is more likely among those with low levels of serotonin
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Psychophysiological research has shows that criminals _____.
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are under-aroused when compared to the general population
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Age moderates the relationship of genetics on crime with _____.
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lower heritability estimates and higher shared environmental influence for childhood and adulthood
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According to Caspi and colleagues' research, human personality consists of three super-traits, including _____.
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negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and constraint
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According to the Caspi and colleagues research, which two personality traits were robust predictors of criminal/delinquent behavior?
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negative emotionality and constraint
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Research showing that mononzygotic twins are more similar to one another in terms of criminal behavior than are dizygotic twins is supportive of which perspective?
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genetic influences on crime
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Using Burgess's model of concentric zones, which zone is known as the "zone in transition?"
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zone 2
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According to the research of Shaw and McKay, inner-city neighborhoods with high rates of crime _____.
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were characterized by high levels of poverty, heterogeneity, and transiency
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According to Shaw and McKay, rates of juvenile crime are highest _____.
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in the zone in transition
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The term that refers to mutual trust and support among residents as well as a willingness to intervene on the community's behalf is _____.
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collective efficacy
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Which of the following statements about Shaw and McKay's theory and research is true?
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They argued that delinquency was caused when youths were not controlled by adults and were exposed to delinquent values taught to them by older kids or adult criminals.
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The term that refers to the breakdown of social institutions in a community is known as _____.
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social disorganization
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According to Sampson and Wilson's theory of race, crime, and urban inequality, which of the following is true?
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Poor black neighborhoods are more likely than poor white neighborhoods to be disorganized.
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According to Sampson and Wilson's theory of race, crime, and urban inequality, which of the following is true?
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Disadvantaged, isolated neighborhoods develop a tolerance for deviance, seeing it as unavoidable given the structural circumstances.
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Which of the following terms best describes the acceptance of violence in environments where it seems unavoidable and where alternative opportunities are limited?
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cognitive landscapes
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To test their theory of collective efficacy, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls utilized what sort of data?
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To test their theory of collective efficacy, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls utilized what sort of data?
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How do Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls extend social disorganization theory?
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by arguing that high rates of crime are linked to low levels of collective efficacy
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According to the theory and research by Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls, which of the following is true?
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disadvantage reduces collective efficacy, which, in turn, increases crime rates
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Policy aimed at providing community-based recreational programs for youth is most consistent with which research?
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Shaw and McKay's work, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas
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According to Shaw and McKay's research, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inner-city areas?
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high deindustrialization
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Using Burgess's model of urban development, factory jobs and inexpensive housing were likely to be found in which zone?
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zone in transition
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"Macro-level" theory refers to _____.
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theory that studies the characteristics of geographical units
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How do Sampson and Groves extend social disorganization theory?
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by providing a groundbreaking empirical test of social disorganization theory in which "social disorganization" was actually measured
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The idea that socially disorganized areas emerge out of a natural process of urban growth is most challenged by which work?
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Sampson and Wilson's work, A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality
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Theorists and researchers from the Chicago School argued that human behavior is developed and changed by _____.
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the social and physical environment of the person
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Chicago School researchers collected social data in order to gain a sense of the characteristics of large groups of people. This is referred to as _____.
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the ecological study technique
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