The West After WWI (study guide) – Flashcards
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Which Central Powers nation appears to have lost the most territory?
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Austria-Hungary
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On which nation's former lands were most the new coutries created?
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Austria-Hungary
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In what ways did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?
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They lost territory, forbidden to buikd and buy submarines, have no air force, pay reparations, war guilt
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What two provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?
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Extension of the Rhine river, and Alsace-Lorraine is gained back.
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Who's plan was the 14 points
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Woodrow Wilson (U.S. president)
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president of France; part of the "big four"
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George Clemenceau
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What is the goal of the 14 points?
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To create peace and self-determination
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what is the war guilt?
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Article 231 which made the Germans pay reperations to the allies
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why did the United States reject the treaty of versailles?
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The country was against woodrow wilson because he was never in the country, he was always in outher countries, and they believed it would create exactly the opposite of peace, and theywere right
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Describe how the great war changed western civilizations view of the new 20th century
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questioned traditional beliefs (uncertainty)
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How did einsteins theory of relativity add to the uncertainty of the "Lost Century"
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replaced Isaac Newtons comforting belief of a world according to absolute laws of motion and gravity
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How did Sigmund Frued add to the uncertainty of the post WWI age?
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weakend faith and reason
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How was the art of Salvador Dali and surrealism reflective of the culture in post WWI Europe?
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people were uncertain of what his paintings actually are, everyone saw it differently, and no one liked the idea of not being sure
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How did the role of Wemon change from the Victorian Age to the Roaring 20's?
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Voting rights, abandoned restricted clothing and hairstyles, wore makeup, drive cars, drank and smoked in public, and greater freedom
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Describe the difference between the US and European economies after WWI.
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The US and Japan came out of the war better financially than before, European countries were the opposite.
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Why did many European countries have unstable new democracies after WWI?
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Their last rulers had been overthrown.
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Identify the problems of the Weimer Republic.
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Lacked strong democratic traditions, postwar Germany had several major political parties and some minor ones, and millions of Germans blamed the government, not the millitary leaders, for the countries defeat and postwar humilliation caused by the Treaty of Versailles.
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What were the causes of the inflationary crisis in Germany in the 1920's?
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Germany printed way more money than needed to pay reperations to their allies.
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How did the rising cost of a loaf of bread in Berlin illustrate the inflationary crisis?
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People carried wheel barrows of money just to buy food and people questioned the value of the new government.
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What was the Dawes Plan?
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Americans gave 200 million dollars to Germany to help strengthen their economy and stabalize currency in 1924.
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Was it succesful?
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Yes, it helped for five years
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What ended it?
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in 1929 the stock market crash in the states
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How did the attitudes of the French torwards the Germans change from 1919-1924 to 1925
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In 1925, they agreed to never make war against each other again. They used to absolutly hate each other in 1919-1924.
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What was the treaty of Locarno? Why was it considered "good spirited" but inconsequential?
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a treaty signed by almost every country in the world to try and create peace, but it did not happen.
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What effect did the 1920s US economy have on the global economy?
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Economic prosterity sustained the world economy. If the US economy weakened, then the whole world's economy would collapse, and in 1929, it did.
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What are stock "Shares"?
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Stocks are shares of ownership in a company. Businesses get money by selling "shares" of stock to investors, or buyers
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What year during the 1920s that US stock shares peaked ?
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1929
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What were 4 indicators of the flawed economy in 1930s?
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Uneven distribution of wealth, overproduction by buisnesses and agriculture, and the fact that many Americans were buying less, and unemployment.
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What causes the stock market crash on October 29, 1929?
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Prices plunged to a new low, 16 million stocks were sold, then the market collapsed.
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What were the consequences of the market crash in the 1930s?
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People could not pay the money they owedon margin purposes, stocks they had bought at high prices were now worthless.
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Which nation had the highest rate of unemployment during the Great Depression?
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Germany
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What was the New Deal?
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A new program of government reform the helped the unemployed.
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Why did the Great Deppression create problems for weaker democracies around the world?
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People lost faith in the democratic government, so they turned to extreme government; Facism
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Define Facism
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Political movement that promontes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictorial one-party rule.
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compare and contrast communism and facism
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Facists didnt believe in class society unlike communists, and communists are internationalists hoping to unite the workd unlike Facists
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Where was the first facist political party, then government in Europe?
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Italy
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Why was Italy vulnerable to extremism following WWI?
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Didnt win any territory after WWI
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How did Mussolini become PM?
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Promised to rescue Italy by revivng its economy and rebuilding its armed forces
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Describe Italy under the rule of Mussolini.
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not as harsh as Nazi's, but still forceful
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Describe the biographical background on Hitler
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He was an Austrian-Jew
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Where was Hitler born?
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austria
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What institution rejected Hitler's acedimic application?
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Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
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Describe Hitlers WWI experience
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a disappointment
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Nazi is an abbreviation for what German Political party?
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National Socialits German
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What were the various names for members of the Nazi Party?
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Brownshirts
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What did the Nazi's attempt in Munich in 1923?
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to sieze power
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What was the "Mein Kampf"?
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an autobiography about hitler that he wrote in prison
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What were the basic ideas of Hitlers autobiography
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Germans were a master race, called the Versailles treaty an outrage, and vowed to get german lands back. He also said that germany was overcrowded and needed a labensraum
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What is Labensraum?
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living space
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What effect did the American Great Deppression on Germany?
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Germans ecomony collapsed
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What was the reichstag?
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where the parliament met
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Which political party had the largest representation by 1929 in Germany
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Nazi
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What were the conditions that enabled the Nazi's to gain support?
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solved unemployment (went from 6 mil. to 1.5 mil.)
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What did the Nazi's promise?
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more work
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How did Hitler become chancellor?
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The president gave him the title. consevative leaders believed they could control him and use him for their purposes
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What did erich ludendorff warn president hindenburg after naming hitler chancellor
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The country would plummet
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Who was blamed for the burning of the reichstag?
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the communists
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In What ways did hitler turn germany into a totalitarian state
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Created secret polices and banned all other political parties and arrested opponents
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What was the purpose of the SS in Germany?
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murdering people who opposed hitler
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Who was the Fuhrer?
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Hitler
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Who took an oath of loyalty to de Fuhrer?
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The SS
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Describe the effects of Nazi command on the German economy.
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The rate of unemployment dropped and they became more militaristic
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Identify the beliefs of Friedrich Neitzsche.
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Believed Western ideas such as reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people's creativity and actions
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How did Hitler use the beliefs of Neitzsche
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Twisted his beliefs to support his use of brute force
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What percentage of Germany's population was Jewish?
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Less that 1%
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What restrictions did the Nazi's impose on to Jewish population.
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Took away all Jewish rights
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What happened on November 9, 1938
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Nazi mobs attacked Jewish
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What European country's were fascists by the 1930s?
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Italy and Germany
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What European country's were communists by the 1930s?
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Soviet Union
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Which European country's were the only democratic countries by 1930s.
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Britain and France
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Why did many Europeans believe dictatorships were their only options during the Great Depression?
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Many Europeans thought it was the only way to prevent instability.
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How did Hitler influence Argentina?
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The ability of Hitler and Mussolini to manipulate their citizens impressed Peron
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Define totalitarianism
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A form of government in which the national government takes control of all aspects of both public and private life
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List 5 totalitarian leaders of the 20th century
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Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Sung, and Hussein
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What two countries are considered among the most infamous examples of 20th century state terror?
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Germany and Russia
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How many people died in Nazi Germany because of the totalitarian policies of the Nazi's?
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12.5- 20 million
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How many people died in Stalinist Russia because of the totalitarian policies of Stalin is the USSR?
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8-20 million
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Name 5 currently identified totalitarian regimes.
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Afghanistan, Cuba, North Korea, Laos, and Vietnam
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By the mid 1930s which 2 European countries seemed bent on military conquest?
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Germany and Italy
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Why were the three major democracies of Britain, France, and the US distracted during the 1930s?
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Economic problems at home
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What kind of government did Japan have during the 1920s?
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Democracy
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What did they agree to in 1922?
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An international treaty agreeing to respect China's borders
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In 1928, Japan signed the American-French Kellogg-Briand Pact the renounced _________
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War
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What were three weaknesses of the Japanese parliamentary democracy
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Constitution put strict limits on power of PM and the cabinet, civilian leaders had little control over the armed forces, military leaders reported only to the emporer
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How was the Japanese effected by the Great Depression?
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They blamed the government
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What was different between the militarists in Japan and the Fascists in Italy and Germany
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Militarists in Japan did not try to establish a new system of government
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Who was the Japanese Emperor?
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Hirohito
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How were the Japanese militarists like the fascists in Italy and Germany?
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Extreme nationalists
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What were the goals of the Japanese militarists?
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Wanted to solve Japan's economic problems through foreign expansion
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Where is Manchuria?
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China
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Why did Japan want Manchuria?
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They were rich in coal and iron
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What did the Japanese army do in 1931?
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Seized Manchuria
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The Japanese attack on Manchuria was the first direct challenge to ________________
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The League of Nations
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All of the major democracies of the world were members of the League of Nations except ____________
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The US
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Why did the civil war erupt in Spain in 1931?
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Great Depression, King gave up power and socialists took over and fought conservatives
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Who was the leader of the fascists in Spain?
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Francisco Franco
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Describe what happened in Guernica, Spain on April 26, 1937.
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Franco's German allies bombed Guernica
