The Respiratory System Flashcards
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
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Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
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What are the other two functions of the respiratory system? (2)
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1. Assist/allow for olfaction--provide for the movement of air across the olfactory epithelium 2. Assist/allow for speech--movement of air across the vocal cords
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Four stages of respiration
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1. Pulmonary ventilation (air in/out of lungs) 2. External respiration (exchange of gases between lungs and air) 3. Transport of respiratory gases (carry gases around body) 4. Internal respiration (exchange gases between lungs/tissues)
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Two functional divisions of the respiratory system
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1. Conducting zone 2. Respiratory zone
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Six structures of conducting zone
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1. Nose 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Vocal Cords 5. Trachea 6. Respiratory tree
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Three parts of the nose
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1. External nose 2. Nostrils (aka external nares 3. Nasal cavity
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Cellular respiration: cells use oxygen to make ATP; is it one of the stages of respiration?
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No
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Five parts of the nasal cavity
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1. Respiratory mucosa 2. Olfactory epithelium 3. Nasal conchae 4. Paranasal sinuses 5. Soft and hard palates
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Where is the olfactory epithelium?
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Roof of nasal cavity
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What do nasal conchae do?
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Create air turbulence
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What do paranasal sinuses do?
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Slow down air to warm and humidify it
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What do the soft (dorsal) and hard (ventral) palates do?
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Separate nose/mouth
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What is being described? -first nasal cavity -hair follicles -sebaceous/sudoriferous glands -ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium -goblet cells -submucosa large mucus glands
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Nasal vestibule
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Three parts that make up the pharynx
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1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
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Two parts that make up the nasopharynx
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1. Eustachian tube (opens into nasopharynx) 2. Uvula (prevents food from going into nasal cavity)
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Prevents food from going into nasal cavity (term)
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Ovula
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Adams apple
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Laryngeal prominence
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"Floating bone"
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Hyoid bone
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Anchors vocal chords
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Arytenoid cartilage
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The larynx is made up of mostly what kind of cartilage?
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Hyaline cartilage
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Function of epiglottis
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Blocks pathways of airway (into larynx)
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Term for inflammation of the larynx, typically resulting in huskiness or loss of the voice, harsh breathing, and a painful cough
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Laryngitis
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Length of trachea
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~4 inch
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(T/F) Trachea divides into right and left main bronchi
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True
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Histology of the trachea (5)
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1. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 2. Lamina propria (supportive CT) 3. Submucosa 4. Cartilage rings 5. Adventitia (dense irregular CT)
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What protects the trachea from collapsing?
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Cartilage rings
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What is the carina of the trachea?
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Division point of the trachea between the left and right main bronchi
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What does nicotine do?
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Paralyzes/destroys cilia on pseudostratifed columnar epithelium
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Parts of the respiratory tree (4)
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1. Right and left main bronchi 2. Secondary, tertiary, etc. bronchi 3. Bronchioles (any passageway smaller than 1 mm, hyaline cartilage ends here) 4. Terminal bronchioles
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Where bronchi penetrates into lungs (term)
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Hilum
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Respiratory zone defined by the presence of ________
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Alveoli
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Structures of the respiratory zone (5)
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1. Respiratory bronchioles (smaller than 0.5 mm) 2. Alveolar ducts (tube) 3. Alveolar sacs (circular) 4. Alveoli (tips on circle) 5. Alveolar pores
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Movement of air through the respiratory tree (8)
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1. From trachea to the right and left main bronchi 2. Series of bronchi (secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, etc.) 3. Series of bronchioles 4. Terminal bronchioles 5. Respiratory bronchioles 6. Alveolar ducts 7. Alveolar sacs 8. Alveoli
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Makes up the walls of the alveoli (term)
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Respiratory membrane
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Respiratory membrane structures (4)
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1. Smooth muscle 2. Capillaries 3. Alveolus 4. Elastic fibers
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Final line of defense of the respiratory membrane of harmful things that get through
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Alveolar macrophages
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Indentation that heart space makes on notch (term)
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Cardiac notch
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(T/F) The right lung is smaller than left lung
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False
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Where is the costal surface of the lung located?
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Part that borders the rib cage
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Framework of elastic fibers and smooth muscle tissue in the lungs (term)
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Stroma
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Portion of the lung that rest on the diaphragm
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Base
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Lungs are separated into _________________ segments that are served by their own artery/vein
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Bronchopulmonary segments
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Subdivisions of bronchopulmonary segments enveloped by CT
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Lobules
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Two kinds of circulations serving the lungs and their subdivisions
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1. Pulmonary circulation -Pulmonary trunk/arteries -Pulmonary veins 2. Bronchial circuit (to serve lungs) -Bronchial arteries and branches -Veins of the bronchial circuit
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Many ______________ exist between the veins of the pulmonary and bronchial circuits
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Anastomoses
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Serous membranes of the lungs, superior to deep (4)
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1. Thoracic cavity wall 2. Parietal pleura 3. Pleural cavity (filled with parietal fluid) 4. Visceral pleura
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1. Why is the pleural cavity important? 2. Infection of layers of pleura in the lungs (term)
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1. Allows for suction between lungs and body cavity wall 2. Pleuracy
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Pressure gradient depends on what? (3)
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1. Muscle contraction 2. Elastic recoil of the lungs 3. Adhesion (pleural fluid)
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Steps of inspiration (4)
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1. Contraction of inspiratory muscles -External intercostal muscles (ribs elevate and sternum flares as this contracts) -Diaphragm (moves inferiorly during contraction) 2. Increase in volume of lungs (pressure inside lungs decreases) 3. Air rushes in down pressure gradient 4. Pressures equalize
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Steps of expiration (4)
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1. Relaxation of inspiratory muscles 2. Decrease in volume of lungs (pressure inside lungs becomes greater than pressure outside lungs) 3. Air leaves lungs down pressure gradient 4. Pressure equalizes
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What muscles are used to increase speed of expiration?
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Abdominal muscles
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Resting and exerting volume rate
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6L/min and 200L/min *move air through trachea at 95 mph
