The New Yorker in Tondo Essay Example

the Reformation had a significant influence on both literary creation and modern life. Renaissance thinkers embraced the values of classical antiquity, which they found expressed in the newly rediscovered classics of literature, history, and moral philosophy. In contrast, they distanced themselves from works written in the Middle Ages, viewing that historical period in a negative light. They believed that the Middle Ages were sandwiched between two much more valuable periods, antiquity and their own time.

However, according to modern scholars, there were still significant continuities with the previous age. Regarding the literary implications of the Reformation, two are particularly notable. Initially, the Protestant rejection of Church representatives' authority led to placing the entire authority on the Bible, at least in theory. As a result, Protestants emphasized the importance of individual believers reading the Bible.

To accomplish their goal, they actively worked on translating the Bible into common languages so that it could be accessible to everyone. However, the Catholic Church opposed this idea because they preferred to keep the Bible in Latin. Conversely, Protestants emphasized the significance of comprehending the Bible in its original languages (Hebrew and Greek) for accurate translation. In their pursuit of knowledge, particularly in ancient languages, Protestants shared similarities with Humanists. This emphasis on the Bible had a profound impact on literature, rejuvenating both style and subject matter. Additionally, it became a valuable source of symbols.

The Reformation had both direct and indirect impacts on literature. One direct impact was the inspiration and reinforcement it provided to the Romantic Movement, which emphasized inner feeling. This influence can be traced back to the religious thrust of the Protestant Reformation. As readers approach Renaissance literary

works, they may find certain concepts, such as the doctrine of "correspondences," unfamiliar. However, they may also recognize some modern elements in the works written during this remarkable period. Moreover, they will also witness the revival of great drama, which experienced a "rebirth" in the Renaissance and was most fully represented in the works of William Shakespeare, the greatest English writer in history.

During the 1500s to the mid-1600s in Britain, literature was greatly impacted by the cultural and artistic Renaissance. This resulted in a transition from medieval Middle English to contemporary Elizabethan literature. The influence of classical works, language, and philosophy played a significant role during this period. Furthermore, there was an optimistic and progressive belief in human potential known as Renaissance humanism. England's Renaissance movement was mainly influenced by the spread of Italian Renaissance learning and ideology that had emerged earlier.

The Renaissance (1400–1500) saw a profound admiration for literature, art, and architecture. It was a time when classical poets were carefully examined and translated into English, resulting in an adaptation of their verse forms, poetic meters, and exploration of their themes and genres. Additionally, the Renaissance played a significant role in enriching the English language by incorporating over 10,000 new Latin-derived words within a relatively short span of time.

The Renaissance not only brought about a revival of classical humanism but also encouraged a more comprehensive and active approach to education, encompassing the arts and languages. This, in turn, instilled confidence and a desire to explore the immense potential of language, literature, and philosophy as means for achieving greatness. An overview of significant historical and social events during this period indicates that the flourishing of

English literature was part of a larger context.

The introduction of the printing press sparked a communication revolution and resulted in an increase in literacy rates. In England alone, 20,000 distinct works were published between 1500 and 1640. Moreover, this era was characterized by a growing curiosity which contributed to advancements in science, astronomy, and geography.

In the 1490s, Italian navigators Christopher Columbus and Sebastian Cabot explored the 'New World', while King Henry VIII led the English Reformation in 1533, which separated the English church from Roman Catholicism. The spread of Protestantism in Europe had a profound effect on literature and daily life, influencing the Northern Renaissance with its emergence of new humanistic values within a Christian context. Consequently, a significant portion of artwork created during this era was commissioned by or dedicated to religious institutions.

During the Renaissance, the humanist approach greatly influenced contemporary theology and the way people viewed the connection between man and God. Influential theologians of this time, including Erasmus, Zwingli, Thomas More, Martin Luther, and John Calvin embraced this approach. The Renaissance was a period of intellectual and artistic revival that emerged amidst religious conflicts and political turmoil within the Papacy during the late Middle Ages. This turbulence reached its peak during the Western Schism when three individuals simultaneously claimed to be the legitimate Bishop of Rome.

After the Council of Constance (1414) resolved the schism, a reform movement known as Conciliarism arose in the 15th century to limit the pope's power. However, papal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters was restored by the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1511). Nevertheless, allegations of corruption persisted, particularly against Pope Alexander VI. He faced accusations of simony, nepotism,

and fathering illegitimate children during his papacy. Additionally, he used arranged marriages to strengthen his own influence.

During this time period, reformers like Erasmus and Luther suggested changes to the Church based on humanist analysis of New Testament texts. Luther's publication of the 95 Theses in October 1517 contested papal authority and criticized perceived corruption related to indulgence sales. Ultimately, these Theses sparked the Reformation and shattered Western Europe's prior adherence to Roman Catholic dominance.

Therefore, humanist ideas from Renaissance not only influenced religious debates but also directly contributed to various conflicts during this era.

The Renaissance, also known as a "scientific revolution", was a period of significant change in the arts and sciences. While some perceive it as an abrupt advancement from ancient times to the present, others consider it the dawn of the modern era. Nonetheless, there is consensus that the Renaissance brought about crucial shifts in people's comprehension of the universe and philosophers' approaches to investigating natural phenomena. Notably, science and art were intricately connected during this time, exemplified by artists such as Leonardo da Vinci who meticulously portrayed anatomy and nature.

According to Fritjof Capra's exhaustive 2007 study, Leonardo was not only an inventor but also a much more accomplished scientist than previously believed. Leonardo displayed innovation both in scientific theory and practical experimentation. He conducted controlled experiments related to water flow, medical dissection, movement, and aerodynamics. Additionally, he formulated research methods that Capra considers as the foundations of modern science. Capra's thorough evaluation of Leonardo's surviving manuscripts reveals that his approach to science aligns with the current trend of holistic and non-reductive perspectives. The scientific method, a process for discovery rather than a specific

finding, emerged as the most significant development of this era.

This novel approach to understanding the world emphasized empirical data, the importance of mathematics, and rejected Aristotle's concept of "final cause" in favor of a mechanical philosophy. Early pioneers such as Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Rene Descartes played a crucial role in advancing these ideas. The introduction of this new scientific method led to significant advancements in astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy. Vesalius's publication of De humani corporis fabrica further reinforced confidence in the use of dissection, observation, and a mechanistic comprehension of anatomy.