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Holocene

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After the __________ began only our own species, Homo sapiens, was left from the multiple hominin species that existed before.

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cultural ecology

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The concept that change in human culture has been a response to the challenges posed by the environment is known as

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agency theory

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The idea that people in a society, as individuals or groups, are able to take actions that effect change is known as

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a state

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According to Elman Service's scheme of categories of societies, a society in which social ranks are protected and which has a centralized leadership structure (such as a monarch) that overrides kinship ties is known as:

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when tasks or artifacts are replicated and compared with archaeological remains

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Experimental archaeology is

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respectively mean "old stone age" and "new stone age," are usually divided into many sub-phases, came into use in the mid-1800s, were developed in Europe

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The terms Palaeolithic and Neolithic

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is at the heart of archaeological research and endeavor

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The attempt to explain mechanisms that may have led to change in past cultures

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the invention of the printing press and the availability of books, the spread of literacy to people outside the Church, changes in church orthodoxy and the rise of Protestantism, an interest in knowledge derived from direct observation

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In the Renaissance, science and knowledge advanced as a result of

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human cultures pass through stages of savagery, barbarism and civilization

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Although this view is no longer popular among archaeologists, 19th-century researchers such as Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor argued that

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bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states

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In his attempt to develop a new way to classify societies, Elman Service divided human groups into

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were initially only interested in the prehistory of northern and western Europe, were interested in megalithic monuments like Stonehenge

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Early antiquarians in 17th-century Europe

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takes a long-term rather than a short-term perspective, can be used to look at humanity from a global perspective, can inform us about such complicated issues as social imbalance, can tell us who we are and where we came from

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Archaeology is relevant to the modern, globalized world because it

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evolutionary ecology

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The study of how species are adapted to their environments, both in biological and behavioral terms is known as

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material remains of past societies, non-material evidence about past societies, theories about the causes and consequences of processes in the past

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To study the past, archaeologists examine

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molecular genetics

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For more recent stages in human evolution, ___________ provides a more detailed basis for the construction of evolutionary family trees than fossil analysis alone

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the inability to accurately determine how old sites and artifacts were

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The greatest problem for archaeology from its origins until the mid-20th century was

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modern archaeological methods have begun to illuminate the distant past in great detail

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As seen in the account of the human past presented in this book, in the last 50 years

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is a product of Western traditions of scholarship, has spread from Western societies to other regions of the world

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The discipline of archaeology

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processual archaeology

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The archaeologist Lewis Binford is most closely associated with which school of archaeological thought?

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had to be calibrated, since the level of carbon 14 in the atmosphere in the past was not constant

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Radiocarbon dates

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the study of phytoliths, pollen, and seeds, the study of use-wear on stone and metal artifacts, the study of organic residues on pottery vessels, the study of preserved segments of DNA

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Laboratory methods used by current archaeologists include

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the Bible

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In the Middle Ages, the chief source of knowledge about the distant past was

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both a humanity and social science which is highly interdisciplinary

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Archaeology can be seen as

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New Archaeology/processual archaeology

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The theoretical approach that arose in the 1960s and focused not simply on recording what happened in the past, but also understanding how and why is called

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evolution by natural selection

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Darwin's most important theory is known as

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aDNA

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Recent advances in the study of ______ have shown that modern humans may have interbred with Neanderthals.

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sets modern humans apart from all other species

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Symbolic behavior

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a culture invents something new

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Innovation is a mechanism of cultural change in which

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radiocarbon dating

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A method of absolute dating, invented in the 1940s, that revolutionized our understanding of both prehistoric and historic archaeology is called

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history is the study of the human past based on written records while archaeology is based on the study of material culture, archaeology can provide information about ancient societies that were not literate

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The difference between archaeology and history is that

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environmental change and population increase

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Some key features of the development of human societies in the long-term perspective are

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it can be used to study both the ordinary and the exceptional aspects of human life

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One of the great strengths of archaeology is that

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involves the movement of people and things to new places, involves the movement of ideas about things to new places

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The cultural mechanism of diffusion

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considered to be one of the four subfields of anthropology

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In North America, archaeology is

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challenges what are perceived as the rigid rules in processualism, includes the archaeology of ethnicity and identity, explores the concept of multivocality, rejects the idea that we can obtain objective knowledge about the past

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Postprocessual archaeology:

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