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pre-requisites for natural selection

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1. mode of inheritance 2. genetic variability 3. environmental pressure favoring one trait over another

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DNA bases

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adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine rna uracil instead of thymine

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transcription

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copying, occurs in the nucleus DNA molecule unzips and mRNA brings new bases to assemble new molecule

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translation

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interpretation / reading mRNA goes to ribosome to interpret long sequence

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mitosis

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cell division begin w once cell with 46 chromosomes results in two identical sets of 46 diploid daughter cells

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meiosis

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one additional division yields four haploid sex cells

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reproductive asymmetry

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males have greater reproductive potential than females do as well as greater potential variance in reproductive success less choosy more aggressive to mate

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sexual selection

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differential reproductive success among members of the same sex causes males and females to evolve diff body sizes shapes and features

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sexual dimorphism

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difference between male and female (size color etc)

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forces of evolution

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1. mutation 2. natural selection 3. gene flow 4. genetic drift 5. nonrandom mating

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mutation

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only source of variation in a population most are neutral

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gene flow

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migration

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genetic drift

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"random sampling error" evolution w/o natural selection founder effect genetic bottleneck

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founder effect

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population physically separated from rest of population (ex amish, interbreed / small gene pool)

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genetic bottleneck

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smaller population contains all of the genes of the species and they reproduce - new larger population only has genetic makeup of small group (parent population)

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nonrandom mating

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females choose males for specific evolutionary reasons

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biological species concept

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a species is a naturally occurring breeding population that is reproductively isolated, either actually or potentially, from other such groups

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types of speciation processes

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1. allopatric 2. sympatric 3. cline

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allopatric speciation

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involves geographic separation

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sympatric speciation

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occurs in same population in the same place

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cline

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small incremental variation in a trait over a wide geographic area (frogs across US --> some dark brown then some bright green, varies slightly city to city)

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reproductive isolating factors

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pre-mating factors 1. geographic 2. seasonal 3. temporal (nocturnal diurnal) 4. habitat 5. courtship 6. copulatory failure post-mating factors 1. failure to fertilize 2. zygote death 3. fetal death 4. death of offspring 5. offspring healthy but sterile 6. offspring healthy and fertile

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individual selection

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individual animal or plant acts in order to maximize his or her own survival / reproductive success

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group selection

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animals behave in ways that help the group

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inclusive fitness

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one's own fitness plus the fitness of one's own kin acting in the interests of others who share your genes

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reductionism

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understand something by breaking it down to its component parts, believe every part of the body evolved for a purpose

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wholism

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understanding the whole and the integration of all the working parts (car more important than parts)

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primate classification

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1. grasping hand/opposable thumb 2. well developed stereoscopic vision (goes hand in hand with opposable thumb for tree life, VCL, arm swinging( 3. olfaction de-emphasized (strepsirhines use olfaction more than haplorhines) 4. diurnal, not nocturnal (almost all higher primates are diurnal, some lower primates are nocturnal) 5. flat nails instead of claws (some primates have re-evolved a claw, but primate ancestor had flat nail) 6. single birth (almost universal rule of single births, twin/multiple birth is as rare as for humans most other mammals have liters) 7. sociality (connected to single birth; we must learn to be a part of the social group) 8. extended ontogeny- long, slow socialization (several years of dependency (physical and psychological), extended life stages) 9. brain size relative to body size 10. fused mandible (most other mammals have a mandible in two parts) 11. enclosed bony eye orbits

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primate mating systems

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solitary: prosimians, orangutan, strepsirhines monogomy: gibbons, titis polygyny: 1. one male "harem" with number of females (gorillas) 2. multi-male, age graded: (baboons) 3. fission-fusion (chimps and bonobos) 4. polyandry - one female multiple males (marmosets tamarins) callitrichidae

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lorises

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huge nocturnal eyes slimy wet nose split lip single grooming claw tooth comb 2.1.3.3.

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lemurs

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can't be found anywhere besides madagascar colorful lemurs are diurnal tooth comb

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primate classification mnumonoic

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Gorgeous Skulls Operate During Nights Fearing Social-life Since Everyone Befriends Fairly Easily

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strepsirhine traits

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Highly evolved olfactory communication Some species solitary Most species nocturnal Scent-Marking is a characteristic Shiny wet nose and split upper lip (enhances the ability of the nose to pick up scents in the air and pass it to the brain where they can sort out what the smell is)

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aye-aye

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nocturnal incisors in the front and molars in the back, nothing in between

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tarisoidea (tarsier)

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prosimian and haplorine bridged group between lower and higher primates only carnivorous primates SE asia nocturnal

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ceboidea -->

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cebidae, callitrichidae small body size mexico to argentina

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cebidae

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2.1.3.3 classic monkey bodies prehensile tails (no rotating shoulders) cebidae: capuchin atelidae: spider, howler, capuchin, muriqui

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callitrichidae

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small bodies (largest 1lb) norm is twins paternal care polyandry (female mates w multiple people and live in groups of males) claws gumnivory (eat sap that flows from trees)

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cercopithicoidea -->

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old world monkeys cercopithicidae

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cercopithicidae

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cercopithicinae & colobinae

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cercopithecinae

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sexual dimorphism some species are terrestrial butt pads cheek pouches socially dynamic, more obcious than colobus grooming as communication baboons, macaques

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colobinae

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flamboyant neonatal color alloparenting infanticide leafy diet --> complex stomachs allows them to live in harsher environments where most other primates can't live colubus (Africa) langurs (Asia)

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hominoidea

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homininae (humans, chimps, bonobos, gorillas) large brain-to-body size ratio no tail brachiation

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ape

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large brain-to-body ratio no tail brachiation rotating suspensory shoulder knuckle or fist walking

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gorillas

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largest nonhuman primate sexually dimorphic "harem" social structure more herbivorous less carnivorous

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chimpanzees

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moderate sexual dimorphism fission fusion polygyny fruit based diet inter community warfare cultural traditions and tool techniques found in small patches of forest

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gibbons

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not very large powerful monogamous territorial, vocal signalling no size dimorphism sexually dimorphic fruit diet

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bonobos

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chimp like superficially fission fusion polygyny make love not war apes liberated sexual behavior female bonds important

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Intelligent Design

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Intelligent Design (ID) Movement (1990s-present) The theory that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity. Evolution is really interesting, some might be true, but nature is so complex that there is no way some intelligent force was guiding the process. NEVER say God (know they will lose)

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Michael Behe

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Wrote Darwin's Black Box Acknowledges microevolution but not macroevolution Claims natural selection can't explain "irreducibly complex" features of cells. How can a gradual Darwinian process produce a machine that needs all of its parts in order to work? e.g. a mousetrap A mousetrap isn't really a mouse trap until every part is in it, if you take the spring out of the mousetrap it doesn't function. how do you design an eye naturally if it doesn't serve its purpose until it is all put together? Many parts of the body were actually evolved to serve other purposes however continued to evolve until it served an even greater purpose

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What is science?

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Falsifiable Hypothesis / experiment / evidence / new hypothesis = self-correcting Does not seek to "prove" Progressive Constantly improving

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Ussher

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1600s Used the only evidence that was really available at that time, The Bible Traced lineages back b/c listed the ages of all of the offspring of Adam and Eve

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Carol von Linnaeus

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1700s Taxonomy Many people believe there was no evolution before Darwin, not true Accepted that the world must have changed, just had no mechanism or explanation to discuss the theory

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Buffon

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1700s Mutability of Species During this time people (farmers) began discovering dinosaur fossils, Buffon accounted for these fossils with the theory that species can mutate

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Cuvier

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17-1800s Immutability of species Catastrophism Noah's Ark really did happen, dinosaurs all drowned in the flood but elephants and rhinos survived Because he was a much more important scientist people listened to him and not to Buffon

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Hutton

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Uniformitarianism Processes that are happening today in the world also happened in the past

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Malthus

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Struggle for existence Eventually with the growing of cities people will starve w/ lack of food Pressure that the environment puts on animals to keep populations lower

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Wallace

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Alfred Russel Wallace Credited as being the co-founder of evolutionary theory For a while it was known as the Darwin Wallace Evolutionary Theory Two very different families Wallace one of thirteen born into working class family, father made bad investment and lost all of family money and then died Pressured to work Wallace dropped out of school to support his family found work in tropics as butterfly and bird collector for wealthy patrons Wallace contacts Darwin with his ideas, Darwin decides to share credit between the two

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Darwin / Beagle voyage

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Beagle voyage Disreputable trip for a future minister Wild scheme must have offered the trip to others before me therefore there must be something wrong with the ship or the expedition he might never settle down to a normal life afterward accommodations would be very uncomfortable mean he changed profession again

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Darwin Galapagos

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Galapagos tortoise shell adaptations on some islands the tortoises looked different than others shells are different, one more of a bowl and another with more room for neck space

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Darwin Finches

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on some islands they have longer sharper bills just a few miles of ocean separating islands led to large differences In darwin's mind, they were all derived from the same ancestor but then diverged into many different forms in subsequent generations

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Darwin's Lines of Evidence

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Darwin's Lines of Evidence biogeography fossil record embryology and anatomy domestication

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Lamarck

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Inheritance of Acquired Characters species change through using or dis-using things giraffe example: stretch their necks to reach trees, over time baby's necks stretch traits acquired over life can be transferred to offspring

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Lyell

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Principles of Geology close friend of Darwin influenced Darwin greatly

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Darwin's 3 Observations & 2 Deductions

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Observation 1: All organisms have the capacity for tremendous population growth (example, human female can not have relatively many offspring in a life time, yet there are over 7 billion people in the human population today) Observation 2: When we look at the natural world, we see that animal populations remains more or less constant from one generation to the next Deduction 1: (from Observation 1 and 2) therefore, there must be a struggle for existence, since more offspring are produced than can possibly survive. There must be a culling process. Observation 3: In nature, there is a lot of variation. No two organisms from the same parents are exactly alike unless they are identical twins. Virtually all creatures are individuals. Deduction 2: Therefore, since there is a struggle for existence, and since no two individuals are exactly the same, some variations between individuals must be favorable and others unfavorable. Consequently, a higher proportion of those with favorable traits will survive.

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