the evolutionary history of biodiversity – Flashcards
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The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
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What is phylogeny?
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A discipline that focuses on classifying organisms and their evolutionary relationships. (fossils, morphology, genes, molecular evidence)
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What is systematics?
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An ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics assessing similarities and differences.
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What is taxonomy?
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two-part naming system including genus and species
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binomial nomenclature
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species- a taxon
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List the levels of classification. what is each category called?
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similarities due to shared ancestry
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What are homologous structures?
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when organisms develop similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges (analogous)
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What is convergent evolution
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a group of species that includes ancestral species and all its descendants
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what is a clade?
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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What are the three domains of life?
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no nuclear envelope, no membrane-enclosed organelles, no introns, no histone proteins assoc. with dna, a circular chromosome
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Bacteria has:
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no nuclear envelope, no membrane-enclosed organelles, introns, histone proteins assoc. with dna, a circular chromosome
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Archaea has:
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a nuclear envelope, membrane-enclosed organelles, introns, histone proteins assoc. with dna, no circular chromosome
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Eukarya has:
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Prokaryotes: rods/spheres/helices shaped, 1-5 micrometers in size, no true nuclei or internal compartmentalization, simple small genome, contain plasmids, reproduce through binary fission Eukaryotes: bigger than prokaryote, simple small genome
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Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes with respect to genome, membrane-bound organelles, size, reproduction
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transformation, conjugation, transduction
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Three ways bacteria can transfer genetic material include:
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prokaryote takes up dna from environment
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What is transformation?
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genes are directly transferred from one prokaryote to another (bridge/sex pilus)
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What is conjugation?
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genes transferred through viruses
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What is transduction?
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mutation
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What is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes?
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use sunlight to convert co2 into organic compounds
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Describe photoautotrophs:
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use co2 as source of carbon, but get energy from oxidizing inorganic substances
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describe chemoautotrophs:
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use light to make atp but most obtain carbon from outside source fixed in organic compounds
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describe photoheterotrophs
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get both carbon and energy from organic compounds
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describe chemoheterotrophs:
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first prokaryotes classified in domain Archaea that live in extreme environments
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What are extremophiles?
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live in saline environments
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What are extreme halophiles?
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live in very hot environments
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what are extreme thermophiles?
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-they are paraphyletic -they are eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi
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Why are protists no longer considered a kingdom?
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a group/clade consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
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Describe monophyletic group:
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consists of an ancestral species and some of but not all of its descendants (one may be missing)
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describe paraphyletic:
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includes descendants of two or more common ancestors
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describe polyphyletic:
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1. most are unicellular 2. most use aerobic metabolism and have mitochondria
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list two important characteristics of protists:
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-originally unicellular organisms (eukaryote) one engulfed by the other- grew together/endosymbiotic relationship formed w/ a prokaryote
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How did mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve through endosymbiosis?
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1/4 of the worlds oxygen is produced by photosynthetic protists
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Why are protists some of the most important organisms?
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1. produce cellulose for cell walls in same fashion 2. the peroxisomes of these 2 groups have enzymes that reduce the effects of photorespiration 3. similar sperm structure 4. produce cell plates in same way during cell division 5. genetic evidence including analysis of nuclear and chloroplast genes shows they are closely related
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What are 5 pieces of evidence that land plants have evolved from green algae?
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increased sunlight unfiltered by water, more co2 in atmosphere than the water, nutrient rich soil, fewer predators
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what are advantages of plants life on land?
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lack of water, desiccation, lack of structural support against gravity
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what are the disadvantages?
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alternation of generations
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Plants have a life cycle consisting of 2 multicellular stages which is called:
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gametophyte stage (plant cells are haploid) and sporophyte stage (plant cells are diploid)
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what are these two stages?
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-gametes are produced -during fertilization, egg and sperm fuse to form diploid zygote (sporophyte) which divides mitotically -sporophyte produces spores by meiosis -zygote develops within the tissue of female parent (referred to as embryophytes)
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what happens in these stages?
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mosses, liverworts, hornworts
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Bryophytes include what 3 main phyla?
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they have no xylem or phloem tissue
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Why are bryophytes considered nonvascular?
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gametophytes
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Unlike vascular plants, what are the dominant stages of the bryophyte life cycle?
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for sperm to swim to the egg during fertilization
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Bryophytes require water for what?
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sporophyte stage
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the seedless vascular plant life cycle is dominated by what stage?
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MOSSES
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Nonvascular plant is:
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FERNY FERNS
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seedless vascular plant is:
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-eukaryotes -multicellular heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by absorption -fungi reproduce by spores -modes of nutrition include decomposers, parasites, mutualists
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List some characteristics of fungi:
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-found in association with plant roots -helps deliver minerals to plants, white then being supplied with nutrients (mutualism)
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Describe mycorrhizal fungi:
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-hardy organisms that are pioneers on rock and soil surfaces -symbiotic associations of photosynthetic microorganisms (algae) embedded in a network of fungal hyphae
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Describe lichens:
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female gametophytes which produce the eggs
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what do megaspores produce?
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male gametophytes which contain sperm nuclei
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what do microspores produce?
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-cones -exposed seeds -do not have fruits
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list some characteristics of gynosperms:
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-flowering plants -seeds enclosed in fruits -seed plants that produce reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
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list some characteristics of angiosperms:
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male reproductive structure- produces microspores in anthers (ends) that develop into pollen grains
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what is the function of the stamen? (anther+filament)
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female reproductive structure- produces megaspores and female gametophytes with eggs
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what is the function of carpels? (stigma, style, ovary)
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-mature ovaries of the plant -as seeds develop from ovules after fertilization, the wall of ovary thickens to become the fruit
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what are FRUITS?
