The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer HHMI WS – Flashcards
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Unicellular purpose of cell division
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only way to reproduce
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Mulitcellular purpose of cell division
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Replaces dead or damaged cells and more than one way to reproduce
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Why is cell division important to an adult organism?
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Skin + Digestive system cells are continuously renewed; normal cell turnover & to heal and repair damaged/dead cells
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What is the role of growth factors?
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It signals cell division
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What are cell cycle regulators?
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Molecules that signal the cell to proceed through the cell cycle or to not proceed. Ex.: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)
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Where does cell division occur?
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Meiosis for sex cells and Mitosis for body cells
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What is one harmless result of too little cell division?
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Hair loss
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What is one harmless result of too much cell division?
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Warts
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The order of the Cell Cycle phases
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1. G1 2. S 3. G2 4.M
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What is G1 in the Cell Cycle?
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Increase in cell; size, prepares to replicate DNA
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What is S in the Cell Cycle?
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Replication of DNA (& organelles)
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What is G2 in the Cell Cycle?
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Additional growth of a cell and preparation for cell division
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What is M in the cell cycle?
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Division of chromosomes followed by the cell dividing into 2 new cells
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What is the purpose of a checkpoint during the cell cycle?
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To ensure proper division of the cell
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What is one potential outcome when errors occur in the cell cycle?
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uncontrolled cell division
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Inhibits cell division if DNA damage is found in G1 or G2
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p53 protein
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What are the most important cell cycle regulators?
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CDK's-Cyclin-dependent Kinases
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What is a kinase?
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Enzymes that add phosphate to other proteins.
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When are cyclin's active during the cell cycle?
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when the cyclin is attached to CDK
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What are the checkpoint events for G2?
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chromosome set complete with no DNA damage
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What are the checkpoint events for M/Mitosis?
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all sister chromatids attached to spindle
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What is the GO phase in the cell cycle?
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resting stage or non-dividing stage
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What is and example of a cell that is permanently in GO?
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Neurons and Muscle cells.
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What is and example of a cell that can leave GO to go through the cell cycle again?
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Liver cells
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Name two reasons why cells can form tumors?
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Too much cell division and too little cell death
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What causes uncontrolled cell division?
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Mutations of proteins that regulate the cell cycle
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What do mutated proto-oncogenes do?
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They cause the cell cycle to speed up
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What do mutated tumor suppressor genes do?
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loss of ability to inhibit cell cycle progression
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What do proto-oncogene need to cause cancer?
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1 allele to be mutated to be considered dominant. In the results there is a gain in the function.
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What do tumor suppressor genes need to cause cancer?
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2 alleles to be mutated to be considered recessive in the results there is a loss in the function.
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a proto-oncogene
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stimulates the cell cycle
