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Air And Water Quality Public Opinion United States

POS2041 Revel Chp 5-10 – Flashcards 92 terms

Jacob Herring

92 terms

Preview

POS2041 Revel Chp 5-10 – Flashcards

question

When the variability of individual public opinion is taken and averaged out, what can be said about overall public opinion over time?

answer

The general stability and consistency of opinions indicates a rational public.

question

What is public opinion?

answer

Attitudes expressed by ordinary people on various political topics.

question

Which of the following would be least likely to influence a respondent's answer about proposed abortion legislation?

answer

Citizenship

question

In a true democracy, there must be a close match between ______, government policies, and actions, at least in the long run.

answer

Public Opinion

question

On the assumption of _______, opinion changes for perfectly understandable reasons, such as dramatic events, new information, or changes in perspective among American leaders.

answer

A rational public

question

The process by which individuals come to have certain core beliefs and political attitudes is generally referred to as...

answer

Political Socialization

question

A system of interrelated and coherently organized political beliefs and attitudes is...

answer

Political Ideology

question

If you were reading an article in Time magazine about public opinion on the president's proposal to increase the estate tax, you should keep in mind that...

answer

...changes in question wording can make a big difference in the survey results

question

Why does timing of an election poll matter?

answer

If the poll is conducted too far away from the election the results may not be accurate.

question

Which of the following questions has the most neutral phrasing?

answer

"Do you favor government efforts to reduce smoking?"

question

When we look at colleges and universities as a source of political socialization, we find that students become, on average, more ______ as they near graduation.

answer

Liberal

question

Adam grew up in a suburb, preferred to play outside rather than inside, attended public school, and regularly attended worship services with his mom and dad. Which of these factors is most likely to inform Adam's political views?

answer

Living with both his mom and dad

question

Declining trust in government has contributed to...

answer

...declining public support for policies viewed as contributing to social inequality of economic instability

question

Why are surveys never perfect even with proper sampling?

answer

Perfect random sampling is not feasible

question

An example of Asian Americans taking a liberal stance in terms of government would be...

answer

...supporting universal healthcare

question

In the age of the Internet, which media has the central role of gathering and reporting serious political and governmental news?

answer

The mainstream media

question

_______ is the process of bring public attention to specific issues by providing extensive coverage of those issues and ignoring other issues.

answer

Agenda Setting

question

What is a standard treatment of the media under authoritarian regimes?

answer

Censorship

question

Critics of the media election coverage complain that it does not pay enough attention to the...

answer

...policy positions of the candidates

question

News media in the United States are dominated by...

answer

Corporate Ownership

question

The heavy reliance on official sources means that government officials may often be able to control, to a large extent, __________.

answer

what journalists report and how the report it

question

Why is it important for citizens in a democracy to have good information about politics and policies?

answer

A democracy requires accurate information so that people can make informed decisions about their government.

question

Given current standards of popular reporting, which of the following would be the least newsworthy, meaning which is likely to get the least media coverage?

answer

Substantive policy issues

question

One reason mainstream news organizations remain the most important institutions in setting the agenda of American politics is that...

answer

...many of the alternative sources on the Internet reach only small and fragmented audiences

question

__________ is news reported with no evaluative language.

answer

Objective journalism

question

Which of the following is an example of recent changes in the media to help maintain profits?

answer

Closing down foreign bureaus

question

Democratic societies, such as the United States, assume that...

answer

...government officials should be subject to the scrutiny and review of the media

question

How did the media influence the American public's feelings regarding the Vietnam War?

answer

Graphic images of the war turned American sentiment against the war

question

Which of the following is an example of framing?

answer

The way a story is portrayed on the evening news

question

How can agenda setting affect public policy?

answer

The public tends to evaluate political leaders based on the items emphasized by the media.

question

Which of the following is the largest source of campaign donations?

answer

Business groups

question

Voluntary associations that seek to influence government are called...

answer

Interest Groups

question

In The Federalist No. 10, James Madison addresses

answer

the "evils of factions"

question

The Sierra Club runs ads showing how the building of a new power plant will negatively affect the air and water quality in local neighborhoods. This is an example of how interest groups can...

answer

...educate the public to shape public opinion

question

The argument that every group in the American system has opportunity to be heard is based on...

answer

...access points for influence at different levels and branches of government.

question

Which of the following is true of interest groups?

answer

They try to affect political policy by taking their case to members of the legislature

question

If a new government policy imposes higher taxes on the sale of gasoline, and soon after many new interest groups are created supporting fewer regulations on gasoline produces and distributors, this is the best examples of what in practice?

answer

Disturbance Theory

question

Over time, the buildup of special protections, privileges, and treatments in society results in...

answer

...resistance to change

question

One reason for the decline in the political power of organized labor is...

answer

...a decline in union membership, and organized efforts by business to undermine union organization drives

question

The National Rifle Association works to advance the protection of gun ownership by all citizens. The political influence of the NRA illustrates...

answer

..the ability of a small but influential group to influence public policy

question

Public interest groups work to gain protection for goods that benefit all of society and cannot be withheld from anyone. Which of the following is an example?

answer

Clean air

question

When an interest group launches a publicity campaign to draw attention to the plight of immigrant workers, it is engaged in...

answer

Outside Lobbying

question

Unlike public interest groups, private interest groups...

answer

...work to achieve benefits only for their members

question

What are the two main goals of congressional lobbyists?

answer

Have bills they favor passed; prevent bills they oppose from passing

question

What is the consequence of having narrow, special, and privileged interest groups dominating the American political system?

answer

Democratic ideals are threatened

question

An interest group that grew out of the women's movement is the...

answer

National Organization for Women

question

Which social movement, first appearing in 1999, is concerned with income inequality in the United States and Third World countries, food safety, labor rights, and unfair trade practices?

answer

Anti-globalization movement

question

The women's movement was able to build on a broad network of meetings to talk about common problems, commonly known as...

answer

...consciousness-raising groups

question

What is the conscious refusal to obey a law that a group considers unfair, unjust, or unconstitutional called?

answer

Civil Disobediance

question

Socially and economically radical movements that do not win popular support and instead arouse the hostility of political leaders may be categorized as ________ social movements.

answer

repressed

question

The protests that broke out in 1969 after police raided a New York City nightclub that was popular with gay and lesbians were known as the...

answer

Stonewall riots

question

In a time of economic recession, the most probable reason the anti-globalization movement would have difficulty gaining support is because...

answer

...people are more concerned with individual survival than fairness

question

Although gay and lesbian movements are more accepted because of changing societal attitudes, one of the major reasons they have not seen more success is that...

answer

they sparked strong counterattacks from groups such as Focus on the Family

question

The Occupy Wall Street slogan "We are the 99 percent" resonated with many Americans because it...

answer

...captured the idea of the inequality of wealth distribution in the United States

question

A social movement needs to have a supportive environment in order to succeed. An example is the civil rights movement which began when...

answer

...overt racism among the public was declining

question

A catalyst for a movement can be a positive or a negative event. The important aspect is that the event...

answer

...makes movement members determined to succeed

question

How do social movements differ from interest groups?

answer

Interest groups are longer lasting and more organized

question

What most created the conditions for the major social movements in American History?

answer

Social Distress

question

What is the long-term relationship between social movements and interest groups?

answer

Social movements, if successful, often turn into interest groups

question

One of the indications that the women's movement was successful was that it....

answer

helped trigger a counter-movement to save traditional family values

question

The members of the abolitionist movement practiced civil disobedience when they...

answer

...helped escaped slaves get to freedom

question

What event helped convince a majority of Americans that labor unions were a good idea?

answer

the Great Depression

question

What is one function of the party label?

answer

It helps voters learn about prospective public officials.

question

Why would third parties benefit from proportional representation?

answer

They could win seats without having to win a majority of votes

question

National convention delegates endorse a ______, a statement of their party's principles, goals, and plans.

answer

Party Platform

question

Which electoral reform would make it easier to elect third-party candidates to Congress?

answer

Proportional Representation

question

Much of the public perceives the Democratic Party to be...

answer

Liberal

question

The _____ was the majority party in the United States from 1933 to the late 1960s

answer

Democratic Party

question

The major American political parties are made up of...

answer

...loose coalitions of individuals and groups

question

The American two-party system promotes...

answer

...more ambiguous policy positions in national campaigns

question

Republicans dominated politics until 1932 due to the _____ in 1894

answer

Party Realignment

question

In a time of ________, voters are more willing to cross party lines

answer

Dealignment

question

The New Deal coalition received broad support from....

answer

...blue-collar workers

question

In running a campaign, which group would you want to rely on?

answer

Party Activists

question

Which of the following most accurately describes party organization in the United States?

answer

The national, regional, and local parties often operate independently

question

Which of the following is a primary function of political parties?

answer

Mobilizing support for issues and candidates

question

Multiparty systems are more likely to lead to...

answer

Coalition Governments

question

Using a normal vote, Republicans would have overcome Democrats by four to five percentage points in elections between 1952 and 1972. Given that, how have Democrats continued to win elections?

answer

By adding attractive candidates who augmented their lead in party identification

question

Voting based on what you think a candidate will do in office exemplifies...

answer

Prospective Voting

question

The American electoral system is based on winner-take-all rules. These rules encourage...

answer

...a moderate two-party system

question

Congressional elections are most often won by...

answer

Incumbents

question

What is the benefit of a political action committee (PAC) receiving funds from a nonprofit education organizing group, called a 501(c) committee?

answer

The 501(c) committee does not need to disclose its donors right away.

question

which of the following is an example of a valid criticism of the Electoral College?

answer

The Electoral College makes it possible for a person to become president without receiving a majority of support from the nation's voters.

question

Which of the following statements about female voters is accurate?

answer

Women make up a majority of the US electorate

question

Individuals cast votes for an intermediary elector to the Electoral College, which votes on their behalf for a presidential candidate. In this system...

answer

Smaller states have disproportionately high influence in the selection of the president

question

What is the first step a candidate must take when running for public office?

answer

Gaining the party nomination

question

James has been putting off registering to vote, and it its finally election day. In which of the following states must James live if he can take advantage of same-day registration?

answer

Wisconsin - Answer North Dakota California New York

question

What is one advantage of fixed terms for elected positions?

answer

Government cannot hold elections only at times that benefit those in office.

question

What is one difference between 527s an 501s?

answer

501s are not obligated to report the identities of their contributors.

question

Which of the following helps explain why wealthier citizens are more likely to vote?

answer

Wealthy citizens are more likely to think they can affect the political system to their advantage

question

What is the annual limit on independent expenditures by parties and interest groups?

answer

There is no limit.

question

Which of these is an example of the use of "hard money?"

answer

Money donated to a campaign to buy television ads for the candidate.

STUDY

Advanced Pathophysiology Air And Water Quality Medical Terminology Oncology Pathophysiology Pulmonology Small Cell Lung Cancer

Med Term- ch 20 – Flashcards 74 terms

Jacob Herring

74 terms

Preview

Med Term- ch 20 – Flashcards

question

______ arises from mucus-producing cells in the bronchi and is the most common lung cancer in ___.

answer

Adenocarcinoma; women

question

The root/combining form in the word angiogenesis means

answer

Blood vessel

question

Examination with an endoscope occurs in

answer

mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy

question

Implanting radioactive seed through tiny tubes directly into the tumor to give high doses of radiation to the tumor while reducing radiation exposure to the surrounding tissues is called

answer

Brachytherapy

question

The root/combining form in the word mammography means

answer

Breast

question

A type of screening test for breast cancer which uses a computer and scanning devices to create three-dimensional images of lesions seen on a mammogram so that a needle can be inserted accurately into the lesion is called a

answer

Stereotactic-guided biopsy

question

Of the following words, which one has an element meaning offspring?

answer

Progenitor

question

Which of the following words has a prefix meaning around?

answer

Periphery

question

Which of the following is a cancer arising from connective tissue cells?

answer

Sarcoma

question

A drug is labeled as cytotoxic. This means that it is

answer

Able to kill cells

question

The root/combining form in the word mediastinoscopy means

answer

Mediastinum

question

The abbreviation for the governmental agency that protects workers from environmental hazards is

answer

OSHA

question

A patient is scheduled for a pneumonectomy. What will the patient have done?

answer

The entire lung will be removed

question

Which of the following terms refers to a cancerous tumor of pigment-producing skin cells?

answer

Malignant melanoma

question

Exposure to pesticides increases a man's risk for cancer of the

answer

Prostate

question

Of the following words, which one means any abnormal swelling?

answer

Tumor

question

In the word bronchoalveolar, the suffix means

answer

Pertaining to

question

A test that can detect precancerous cells in the cervix of a female is a ______.

answer

Pap test

question

Which of the following words has an element meaning bone?

answer

Osteosarcoma

question

The root/combining form -cid/e means

answer

To kill

question

______ is a simple and cost-effective method of identifying lung cancer cells.

answer

Sputum analysis

question

The percent of cancers that could be prevented by changes in lifestyle and the environment is ______.

answer

More than 50%

question

In the word oncology, the root/combining form means

answer

Tumor

question

Chemotherapy can adversely affect the bone marrow by causing

answer

Anemia and clotting problems

question

The word benign means

answer

the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm or illness

question

A medical specialist in the science dealing with cancer is a(n)

answer

Oncologist

question

PCBs, dioxins, and arsenic are examples of

answer

Environmental carcinogens

question

The suffix in the word asbestosis means

answer

Condition

question

Hodgkin disease is a cancer involving the

answer

Lymph nodes

question

Which of the following words means the invasion into a tissue or cell?

answer

Infiltration

question

Which of the following terms means one of a family of genes involved in cell growth that work in concert to cause cancer?

answer

Oncogene

question

Stereotactic radiosurgery uses a(n) ____ to deliver a single high dose of radiation.

answer

Gamma knife

question

Which of the following suffixes means tumor?

answer

-oma

question

Early cancer that has not invaded surrounding tissues is abbreviated as

answer

CIS

question

Which of the following words means spontaneously emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays?

answer

Radioactive

question

Two words that have opposite meanings are

answer

Benign and cancerous

question

A regimen is a

answer

Program of treatment

question

Monthly self-examination should be done to detect which of the following cancers?

answer

Breast, testicular and skin

question

Cervical cancer, stomach cancer, and squamous cell skin cancer are examples of carcinomas originating from which cells?

answer

Epithelial

question

Men over the age of ____ should have an annual exam for _____ cancer.

answer

50; prostate

question

Which of the following words has a prefix meaning before?

answer

Progenitor

question

Obesity is said to be linked to about 10% of breast and colorectal cancers and up to 40% of kidney, esophageal, and endometrial cancers. Which of the following statements best describes the treatment of cancer in obese patients?

answer

Oncologists might consider weight loss as part of a treatment regimen.

question

The A in CEA stands for

answer

Antigen

question

A synonym for segmentectomy is

answer

Wedge resection

question

All of the following words have a word element meaning flesh EXCEPT

answer

Mesothelioma

question

A blood test for the detection of prostate cancer is the

answer

PSA

question

The suffix in the word carcinogen means

answer

Produce

question

In the word thoracoscopy, the root/combining form means

answer

Chest

question

The word which means capable of invading surrounding tissues and metastasizing to distant organs is

answer

Malignant

question

A DRE is used to detect

answer

An enlarged prostate gland

question

The word lavage means

answer

Washing out a hollow cavity, tube or organ

question

Secondhand smoke is abbreviated as

answer

ETS

question

The word meaning transport of cancer cells through the bloodstream is ______ and its plural is ______.

answer

metastasis; metastases

question

A screening test to check for blood in the feces, which may indicate the presence of colon and rectal cancer, is a

answer

FOBT

question

Which of the following words has an element meaning cell?

answer

Cytotoxic

question

Which of the following words, meaning a radioactive agent used in diagnostic imaging, is spelled correctly?

answer

Radionuclide

question

Of the following words, which one has a suffix meaning process of recording?

answer

Scintigraphy

question

An MRI of the RUQ reveals an extremely virulent cancer. It might be

answer

Stage IV pancreatic cancer

question

Which of the following words has a suffix meaning surgical excision?

answer

Pneumonectomy

question

Which of the following words means pertaining to a new growth or tumor?

answer

Neoplastic

question

Which of the following words has a prefix meaning excessive?

answer

Hyperfractionated

question

How would you interpret the following statement in the patient's medical record: "The primary source of cancer spread through the blood to the pulmonary tissues"?

answer

The main tumor metastasized to the lungs.

question

_______ normally prevent mitosis and are activated by DNA damage to stop cell division.

answer

tumor supressor genes

question

Which of the following words come from the Latin meaning dirty?

answer

pollution

question

CEA, AMAS, and alpha-fetoprotein are

answer

biomarkers

question

The abbreviation for the government agency responsible for air and water quality is

answer

EPA

question

The C in NCI stands for

answer

Cancer

question

The root in the word apoptosis means

answer

falling

question

The root/combining form in the word antiangiogenesis means

answer

blood vessel

question

Which of the following words is derived from the Latin meaning crab?

answer

cancer

question

Which of the following is a specialist in the structural and functional changes of a disease process?

answer

pathologist

question

Which of the following terms means pertaining to the use of a light-sensitive drug with a laser beam to destroy cells?

answer

photodynamic

question

Which of the following words, meaning the origin and development of cancer, is spelled correctly?

answer

Carcinogenesis

question

The word meaning transport of cancer cells through the bloodstream is _________, and its plural is ______.

answer

metastasis; metastases

STUDY

Air And Water Quality Medical Terminology Prostate Specific Antigen

Chapter 20 Cancer – Flashcards 20 terms

Larry Charles

20 terms

Preview

Chapter 20 Cancer – Flashcards

question

The root/combining form in the word mediastinoscopy means

answer

mediastinum

question

Which of the following words means pertaining to a new growth or tumor?

answer

Neoplastic

question

The word meaning transport of cancer cells through the bloodstream is ______________, and its plural is ______________.

answer

metastasis; metastases

question

All of the following words have a word element meaning flesh EXCEPT

answer

mesothelioma

question

Which of the following words has an element meaning bone?

answer

Osteosarcoma

question

Which of the following suffixes means tumor?

answer

-oma

question

A medical specialist in the science dealing with cancer is a(n)

answer

oncologist

question

In the word oncology, the root/combining form means

answer

tumor

question

The root/combining form -cid/e means

answer

to kill

question

Two words that have opposite meanings are

answer

benign and cancerous

question

Which of the following words containing a prefix, root, and suffix means cancer arising from cells lining the pleural cavity?

answer

Mesothelioma

question

Of the following words, which one has an element meaning offspring?

answer

Progenitor

question

Which word containing a prefix, root, and suffix means derived from a single clone of cells?

answer

Monoclonal

question

Which of the following terms refers to a cancerous tumor of pigment-producing skin cells?

answer

Malignant melanoma

question

Which of the following words means pertaining to a malignant neoplasm?

answer

Cancerous

question

The suffix in the word asbestosis means

answer

Condition

question

Which of the following words is derived from the Latin meaning crab?

answer

Cancer

question

he word benign means

answer

the nonmalignant character of a neoplasm or illness

question

Which of the following words means the invasion into a tissue or cell?

answer

Infiltration

question

The suffix in the word carcinogen means

answer

produce

STUDY

Air And Water Quality Cervical Cancer Screening

4 Cervical cancer – Flashcards 226 terms

Cindy Krause

226 terms

Preview

4 Cervical cancer – Flashcards

question

How many new cases of cervical cancer there are in Australia per year:

answer

1000

question

How many deaths from cervical cancer there are in Australia per year:

answer

250

question

Cervical cancer is the ___ most common cancer in women worldwide each year

answer

4th

question

Most common cancer in women worldwide: Number 1) =

answer

breast

question

Most common cancers in women worldwide: Number 2) =

answer

colorectal

question

Most common cancers in women worldwide: Number 3) =

answer

lung

question

Most common cancer in women worldwide: Number 4) =

answer

cervical

question

A pre-neoplastic condition of the cervix = cervical _____

answer

dysplasia

question

Whether cervical dysplasia progresses to carcinogenesis, depends on: - persistent ____ infection - host ____ status

answer

HPV, immune

question

Chance of surviving at least 5 years after cervical cancer diagnosis in Australia =

answer

70%

question

The number of new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed each year, in the last 20 years, has: (increased or decreased)

answer

decreased

question

Cervical cancer prevalence - developed or developing world?

answer

developing

question

renewed National Cervical Screening Program will invite women aged ____ to ___ years, both HPV vaccinated and unvaccinated, to undertake an HPV test every 5 years

answer

25, 74

question

renewed National Cervical Screening Program will invite women aged 25 to 74 years to undertake an ____ test every 5 years

answer

HPV

question

renewed National Cervical Screening Program will invite women aged 25 to 74 years to undertake an HPV test every ___ years

answer

question

Will both vaccinated and unvaccinated women have HPV tests in the new program?

answer

yes

question

Does a Papsmear test for the HPV virus?

answer

no (looks at abnormal cells)

question

Current Papsmear program: for ages ___ to 69

answer

question

True/false: Papsmears have a lot of false positives and negatives.

answer

True

question

Benefit of cervical cancer screening:

answer

decreased incidence

question

True/false: HPV has a viral envelope

answer

False

question

True/false: HPV is a DNA virus

answer

True

question

HPV virus = DNA or RNA?

answer

DNA

question

70% of cervical cancer is due to these strains of HPV

answer

16, 18

question

True/false: HPV is needed for cervical cancer

answer

True

question

Cervical cancer screening: The current program recommends ____-yearly Pap tests for women aged 18-70 who are or have ever been sexually active.

answer

question

Cervical cancer screening: Under the new program, women aged 25-74 will be tested for ____ every ____ years.

answer

HPV, 5

question

Who are the people that get cervical cancer nowadays? Those who lapsed the

answer

screening

question

Changing cervical cancer screening, to a ____ test every ___ years

answer

HPV, 5

question

If a patient tests HPV+ after a sample has been taken and tested, next step =

answer

cytology

question

At what age is cervical screening going to start with the new program? At age

answer

question

Worldwide, new diagnoses of cervical cancer per year =

answer

500,000

question

Aetiology of cervical caner 1) ______ infection with oncogenic ___

answer

persistent HPV

question

HPV causes which cancer?

answer

cervical

question

True/false: 99.7% of cervical cancers test positive for HPV

answer

True

question

Is persistent HPV always going to cause cancer?

answer

no (cofactors)

question

#1 co-factor associated with cervical cancer i.e. need persistent HPV infection PLUS co-factor =

answer

smoking

question

Co-factors that contribute to cervical cancer risk - s_____ - long-term ____ use - ____ co-infection - high p_____

answer

smoking, OCP, HIV, parity

question

True/false: HPV cancer is associated with oropharyngeal cancer.

answer

True

question

Genital warts, caused by HPV strains (2)

answer

6, 11

question

Most HPV infections are transient and are eliminated by the immune response in the course of _____ (days, months, years)

answer

months

question

HPVs infect immature ______ cells of the squamous epithelium in areas of epithelial breaks

answer

basal

question

Most HPVs infect the ___

answer

skin

question

CIN, is also known as

answer

cervical dysplasia

question

True/false: Most types of HPV do not cause any symptoms and go away on their own.

answer

True

question

About ___ (number) HPV infections affect the genital area

answer

question

__% Australians will be affected with HPV of some type at some point in their lives

answer

80%

question

True/false: HPV infection could almost be considered a normal part of being sexually active.

answer

True

question

Main route of transmission of HPV

answer

sexual intercourse

question

a test that can detect abnormal cells in the cervix that may lead to cervical cancer

answer

Papsmear

question

CIN grades cervical ____

answer

dysplasia

question

Cervical dysplasia grading system = _ _ _

answer

CIN

question

CIN grading, 1 to ___

answer

question

HPV is a ___ virus, approx. _____ base pairs

answer

DNA, 8000

question

HPV, over ____ different genotypes

answer

200

question

Oncogenes of HPV, = (2)

answer

E6, E7

question

an examination of the cervix with a special microscope

answer

colposcopy

question

HPV >> precancerous lesions increase the risk of cancer of the c_____, v_____; also in males: p_____, + o_______

answer

cervical, vagina, penis, oropharynx

question

The late region of the HPV genome, encodes for the ____ proteins

answer

capsid

question

The early region of the HPV genome, encodes for ________ proteins

answer

non-structural

question

The E in E6 and E7 stands for ____ genes

answer

early

question

True/false: HPV can integrate into the host cell genome

answer

True

question

E6 binds and degrades this TSG

answer

p53

question

The ectocervix, epithelium =

answer

stratified squamous

question

The endocervix, epithelium =

answer

columnar

question

The columnar epithelium endocervix secrets

answer

mucus

question

HPV enters through a micro-abrasion and infects - which cells ?

answer

basal cells

question

True/false: most HPV infection is naturally cleared within 1-2 years

answer

True

question

If there is persistent HPV infection, ______ integrate with the host's DNA

answer

episomes

question

extra-chromosomal genetic material that may become integrated into the chromosome or replicate autonomously

answer

episome

question

When does cervical dysplasia become cervical cancer? When it has _____ the ____ _____

answer

invaded, basement membrane

question

2 types of HPV vaccination

answer

Gardasil, Cervarix

question

Cervarix vaccine, strains = HPV __ and __

answer

16, 18

question

Gardasil vaccines, strains = HPV (4)

answer

16, 18, 6, 11

question

True/false: we are vaccinating girls and boys in Australia

answer

True

question

___ proteins: form the VLP for the vaccine

answer

question

L1 proteins for _ _ _s for the vaccines

answer

VLP

question

% of infected women have no measurable anti-HPV antibody response after the infection

answer

50%

question

Which is a bigger virus; HPV or HBV?

answer

HPV

question

Two types of viruses; = _ _ _ or _ _ _

answer

DNA, RNA

question

Why is there high rates of cervical cancer in the developing world? Lack of

answer

screening

question

How many cervical cancer - related deaths are there worldwide per year?

answer

250000

question

% of cervical cancer is due to HPV 16 or 18

answer

70%

question

Genital and skin warts, caused by which family of viruses?

answer

HPV

question

The major bacterial promoter of cancer =

answer

helicobacter pylori (5% global cancer burden)

question

>100 HPV genotypes cause ____ infections

answer

skin

question

Cervical lesions are visualised and determined grading after application of ____ _____

answer

acetic acid

question

What colour do pre-cancerous cells look during colposcopy after application of acetic acid?

answer

white

question

Aim of cervical screening... to detect _________

answer

precancer

question

Aim of ________... to detect precancer

answer

screening

question

HSIL, CIN 2 or 3 = ___% chance of getting cervical cancer in the next 15 years

answer

30%

question

Abnormal Papsmear: high ____ to ____ ratio

answer

nucleus, cytoplasm

question

True/false: CIN diagnosis based on Papsmear

answer

False

question

True/false: CIN diagnosis requires a biopsy

answer

True

question

CIN grading is based on ______ of epithelial epithelium involved

answer

depth

question

Papsmear = abnormal. Next - what is required?

answer

biopsy

question

What technique visualises the cervix?

answer

colposcopy

question

Squamous cell carcinoma (skin) Immunosuppression may contribute to carcinogenesis by reducing host surveillance and increasing the susceptibility of keratinocytes to infection and transformation by oncogenic viruses, particularly _ _ _ subtypes _ and _

answer

HPV, 5, 8

question

Pre-malignant scaly skin lesions Rare AR disorder Abnormal susceptibility to HPV 5 and 8

answer

epidermodysplasia verruciformis

question

Patients with a rare autosomal recessive condition, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, which is marked by a high susceptibility to cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas HPVs infect these patients = __ and __ strains

answer

5, 8

question

epidermodysplasia verruciformis, prone to _ _ _ cancers

answer

SCC

question

Tonsil cancer, 50% are due to _ _ _ infection, strain = ___

answer

HPV, 16

question

Papillomaviruses, DNA or RNA?

answer

DNA

question

In CIN3, which genes are expressed by the cervical epithelium?

answer

E6, E7

question

True/false: 95% of CIN1 regresses to normal epithelium

answer

True

question

CIN1 has which viral proteins expressed by the surface epithelium?

answer

L1, L2

question

A tumour promotor, HPV infection PLUS ______ = increases risk of cervical carcinogenesis

answer

smoking

question

True/false: smoking is a protective factor against cervical cancer

answer

False

question

True/false: viral HPV DNA is integrated into the genome

answer

True

question

E6 activates this enzyme inducing immortality

answer

telomerase

question

E6 binds to ____ causing its degradation

answer

p53

question

E7 binds to _____ causing its degradation

answer

pRb

question

pRb usually inhibits ______

answer

E2F

question

pRb = a ___ ___ gene

answer

tumour suppressor

question

The papillomavirus capsid is made of ___ pentamers of __ protein

answer

72, L1

question

Viral protein of HPV that targets p53

answer

question

Viral protein of HPV that targets pRb

answer

question

When did the HPV vaccine program start, in ____

answer

2007

question

Cervical cancer in Australia = common or uncommon?

answer

uncommon

question

Cervical cancer globally = common or uncommon?

answer

common

question

True/false: often a person is asymptomatic until they have a bulky cervical cancer

answer

True

question

Known risk factors of cervical cancer - ___ coitarche (early or late?)

answer

early

question

Known risk factors of cervical cancer - multiple or few sexual partners?

answer

multiple

question

True/false: a known risk factor of cervical cancer is low SES.

answer

True

question

True/false: smoking is a known risk factor of cervical cancer

answer

True

question

Most common clinical presentation of a cervical cancer lesion

answer

asymptomatic

question

A common clinical presentation of cervical cancer: _____ bleeding

answer

postcoital

question

Staging of cervical cancer, ____ staging

answer

FIGO

question

FIGO staging of cervical cancer, is it "surgical" or "clinical"

answer

clinical

question

How many stages of cervical cancer are there in FIGO staging?

answer

question

Stage 1 FIGO cervical cancer = _______ to the ______

answer

confined, cervix

question

Stage 2 FIGO cervical cancer = ______ spread

answer

local

question

Is CT and MRI used for staging in cervical cancer?

answer

question

Can cystoscopy be used for staging in cervical cancer?

answer

yes

question

Can an intravenous pyleogram be used for staging in cervical cancer?

answer

yes

question

IVP in staging for cervical cancer - what are you looking for?

answer

hydronephrosis

question

Can a PET scan be used for staging in cervical cancer?

answer

question

Can a CXR be used for staging in cervical cancer?

answer

yes

question

Bladder and bowel involved, which stage of cervical cancer (FIGO)?

answer

question

A cervical cancer involves the pelvic side wall. What stage of cervical cancer (FIGO)?

answer

3 (B)

question

True/false: cervical cancer has a predictable natural history

answer

True

question

Most common pattern of spread in cervical cancer, via the

answer

lymphatics

question

Early stage cervical cancer, is Stage __ __

answer

question

Stage 1B cervical cancer is considered "_____" cervical cancer

answer

early

question

2 treatment options for Stage 1B cervical cancer

answer

radiation, surgery

question

A cervical cancer that is big enough you can see it, but it hasn't spread to adjacent vagina or parametrium, Stage =

answer

question

Surgery or radiation? , therapy options for treating cervical cancer Advantage = preserves sexual function

answer

surgery

question

Surgery or radiation? , therapy options for treating cervical cancer Disadvantage = vagina shortens, atrophies away and dilators are required

answer

radiation

question

Surgery or radiation? , therapy options for treating cervical cancer >> preserves ovarian function

answer

surgery

question

Surgery or radiation? , therapy options for treating cervical cancer Disadvantage = ovaries go

answer

radiation

question

Surgery or radiation? , therapy options for treating cervical cancer >> suitable for all stages of the disease

answer

radiation

question

Surgery or radiation? , therapy options for treating cervical cancer >> gives accurate assessment of the extent of disease

answer

surgery

question

Can radiation be a primary treatment for Stage 1B cervical cancer?

answer

yes

question

Can surgery be a primary treatment for Stage 1B cervical cancer?

answer

yes

question

Primary radiation therapy, 2 modalities a) _____ beam b) b________

answer

external, brachytherapy

question

The source of gamma radiation used in brachytherapy

answer

iridium 92

question

Radiation therapy for treating Stage 1B cervical cancer Give with concurrent ________

answer

chemotherapy

question

Chemotherapy agent given on first day of radiation therapy (treating cervical cancer)

answer

cisplatin

question

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body =

answer

teletherapy

question

radiation therapy in which the source of radiation is implanted in the tissue to be treated =

answer

brachytherapy

question

Stage 1A cervical cancer is _______

answer

<3 mm

question

How to treat Stage 1A cervical cancer

answer

cone biopsy

question

Primary surgery treatment for Stage 1B and 2A cervical cancer =

answer

radical hysterectomy

question

Role of lymphadenectomy in early stage cervix; - is it "therapeutic"?

answer

question

Role of lymphadenectomy in early stage cervix; - to see whether ____ is needed

answer

radiation

question

Complication of lymphadenectomy in treating cervical cancer

answer

lymphoedema

question

surgery to remove the cervix, the upper part of the vagina and lymph nodes in the pelvis

answer

radical trachelectomy

question

The fertility-sparing surgery option in treating cervical cancer

answer

radical trachelectomy

question

This operation cuts out the cervix and attaches the uterus to the vagina

answer

radical trachelectomy

question

radical trachelectomy, associated with ______ births

answer

preterm

question

Adjuvant treatment in cervical therapy, when ____ ____ are positive

answer

lymph nodes

question

The chemotherapy agent used with radiation therapy in cervical cancer is ______-containing chemo

answer

platinum

question

platinum complexes react in the body, binding to DNA and causing the DNA strands to crosslink >> apoptosis Chemo drug =

answer

cisplatin

question

Why is chemotherapy used concurrently with radiation therapy for cervical cancer? As a

answer

radiation sensitiser

question

Late-stage cervical cancer, stages ___ to ___

answer

2B, 4

question

For recurrent disease in cervical cancer, the treatment is

answer

radiation

question

lined by columnar epithelium that secretes mucus Ectocervix or endocervix

answer

endocervix

question

covered by nonkeratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium, either native or metaplastic Ectocervix or endocervix

answer

ectocervix

question

the boundary between the ectocervix and endocervix meet

answer

squamocolumnar junction

question

area between original SC junction and new SC junction due to regenerative metaplastic response

answer

transformation zone

question

a luminal cavity within the cervix forming a passageway between the external os and the internal os

answer

endocervix

question

The ectocervix is covered by ____-_______, _____ _______ epithelium, either native or metaplastic in continuity with the vaginal epithelium

answer

non-keratinizing, stratified squamous

question

one layer of mucin secreting cells line the _______ (part of the cervix)

answer

endocervix

question

The SCJ is the result of a continuous ________ process resulting from uterine growth, cervical enlargement and hormonal status

answer

remodeling

question

At birth and during pre-menarchal years, the SCJ is located at or very close to the ____ _____ (original SCJ)

answer

external os

question

Progressively through a process called _______ the transformation zone is replaced by squamous epithelium

answer

metaplasia

question

Area between the original SCJ and the new SCJ where the columnar epithelium has been replaced by the new metaplastic squamous epithelium

answer

transformation zone

question

Is the Papsmear a reliable test?

answer

question

Which is easier to read for diagnosis - Papsmear or liquid-based cytology?

answer

liquid-based cytology

question

Abnormal cytologic changes of squamous epithelial cells = (esp in cervical cancer) = called:

answer

dyskaryosis

question

Can CIN be diagnosed on a Papsmear?

answer

question

dyskaryosis is synonymous with

answer

dysplasia

question

Suspicious Papsmear.... what technique we do next?

answer

colposcopy

question

Benign finding in the transformation zone = blocked cervical gands >> glandular tissue metaplasia and gland cells underneath become cysts

answer

Nabothian cysts

question

a mucus-filled cyst on the surface of the cervix = _____ cyst

answer

Nabothian

question

Is Nabothian cyst pathological?

answer

question

What colposcopy can tell us: s____, l_____, t_____ Is it accurate?

answer

size, location, topography, no

question

What should you always get when you're doing colposcopy?

answer

biopsy

question

3 treatment options for cervical dysplasia (L___, L____, c_____)

answer

laser, LEEP, cone

question

An approach to treat high grade cervical dysplasia discovered on colposcopic examination: a wire loop through which an electric current is passed

answer

LEEP

question

An approach to treat cervical dysplasia discovered on colposcopic examination: BURN it = using a

answer

laser

question

An approach to treat high grade cervical dysplasia - an excision =

answer

cone

question

laser, LEEP, cone = 3 treatment options for ______ _____ that is discovered on colposcopy

answer

cervical dysplasia

question

Two types of growth patterns of a cervical cancer =

answer

exophytic (cauliflower), endocervical

question

Is CT, PET and MRI used for staging in cervical cancer?

answer

question

Stage 1A, <___ mm tumour size and ____ to the cervix

answer

3, confined

question

If clinically-visible AND confined to the cervix = Stage ____

answer

question

if tumour has spread to the vagina, but not the pelvic side wall, Stage ___

answer

question

Stage 4 cervical cancer = which organs may be involved? (2)

answer

bladder, rectum

question

In the transformation zone, which epithelium "migrates"?

answer

columnar

question

Transformation zone: When the columnar epithelium migrates outwards and is converted back into squamous epithelium =

answer

metaplasia

question

HPV integrates into the cells and causes cervical _____

answer

dysplasia

question

CIN grading of dysplasia depends on the _____ of the epithelium involved

answer

thickness

question

Main cancers of the cervix (2)

answer

squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma

question

When is chemoradiotherapy going to be the primary treatment for cervical cancer? When the cancer is

answer

too big (to remove surgically)

question

Why do we do an EUC in the work-up for cervical cancer? >> the cancer may have spread to the pelvic ___ ____ and could be obstructing the _____

answer

side wall, ureter

question

Acute renal failure in a patient with Stage 4 cervical cancer, due to tumour obstructing the

answer

ureter

question

True/false: renal function needs to be good for radiotherapy

answer

.True

question

Aim of Stage 1B radiation therapy: ______ (cervical cancer)

answer

cure

question

Dose needed to cure cervical cancer = ____ Gray

answer

question

Radiation dose is limited by the surrounding tissue; in cervical cancer, what is at risk if you give radiation over 40 Gray?

answer

small bowel

question

Intrauterine _____ delivers half the dose of radiation therapy in treatment of cervical cancer

answer

brachytherapy

question

Acute effects of EBRT, due to ______ of surrounding tissues

answer

inflammation

question

Common organs affected acutely in radiation therapy of cervical cancer (2)

answer

bladder, bowel

question

Long-term side effect of radiation therapy in cervical cancer = i_____

answer

infertility

question

Late side effects of radiation therapy (EBRT) is due to s_____

answer

scarring

STUDY

Air And Water Quality AP Human Geography Buildings Near The City

Government Chapter 24 – Flashcards 40 terms

Christine Brunetti

40 terms

Preview

Government Chapter 24 – Flashcards

question

what displaces people in city neighborhoods

answer

zoning regulations

question

what is associated with homelessness and gangs

answer

drug abuse

question

this problem often involves alcoholism or mental illness

answer

homelessness

question

that bars discrimination in housing

answer

open housing act

question

what is the federal government program for housing

answer

urban renewal

question

who is responsible for school policy

answer

school board

question

subways, trains, and buses

answer

mass transit

question

what does the state do once incorporation is done

answer

issue a charter

question

what event is held to determine incorperation

answer

referendum

question

local government in new england and midwest

answer

township

question

local school district

answer

special district

question

local citizens participate in lawmaking

answer

new england township meetings

question

governs counties

answer

county board

question

largest political subdivision of a state

answer

county

question

establishes local governments

answer

state government

question

city's charter

answer

incorporation

question

land and building regulations

answer

zoning

question

displacement changes an area's characteristics

answer

gentrification

question

reorganization of city governments

answer

metropolitan government

question

selling price of real property

answer

market value

question

list the 6 elected county officials in the state of Iowa

answer

-recorder -auditor -attorney -sheriff -supervisors -treasurer

question

recorder

answer

keep records of official document affecting real estate to preserve property

question

auditor

answer

keeper of courthouse and commissioner of elections

question

attorney

answer

prosecutes state laws and county ordinances

question

sheriff

answer

keeping peace and care of prisoners

question

supervisors

answer

executive and legislative branch of county

question

treasurer

answer

handles investment functions

question

explain how the relationship between stand and local govs and how it demonstrates the principles of federalism

answer

the state helps control the local government and the federal helps the state balance power between the state and natural power

question

list the 4 main functions of county government

answer

-county -township -municipality -special district

question

county

answer

largest territory and political subdivision of a state

question

township

answer

units of local government in 20 states

question

municipality

answer

urban unit of government legal rights granted by the state

question

special district

answer

education, water supply

question

list the 5 departments of municipal government

answer

-education -zoning -police and fire protection -water supply -transportation

question

education

answer

government has to provide education

question

zoning

answer

regulation land and building are used

question

police and fire protection

answer

local function that varies with size of the community

question

water supply

answer

provides water services

question

transportation

answer

government provides taxis and subways

question

compare the mayor council and council manager of city governments

answer

mayor council= what we have; voters elect the mayor and city council; separation of power council manager= works as the voters elect city council and council hires city manager and mayor

STUDY

Air And Water Quality AP Government National Labor Relations Act Public Policy United States Government-Comprehensive

Ch 15 – Flashcard Answers 50 terms

Ruth Blanco

50 terms

Preview

Ch 15 – Flashcard Answers

question

In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith made all of the following arguments for laissez-faire capitalism, EXCEPT which of the following?

answer

The government should not be allowed any role whatsoever in the economy.

question

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship today between government and the economy in the United States?

answer

The government has an important role in regulating and maintaining the U.S. economy

question

Economic efficiency requires

answer

that the output of goods and services is the highest possible given the amount of input used to produce them.

question

The term externalities refers to

answer

unpaid costs of production that are incurred by society.

question

When the Fed was created in 1913,

answer

it had no role in the management of the nation's economy.

question

A ruling by the Food and Drug Administration that a drug is dangerous to use and therefore cannot be marketed is an example of regulation for the purpose of

answer

equity.

question

The era of "new social regulation", which addressed issues such as the environment and worker safety, differed from the previous two eras of regulatory reform in that

answer

the aim was to regulate activities of firms of many types, not just those in a particular industry.

question

Government benefits for business include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

minimum-wage laws.

question

Judged in the context of the full range of public policies, the government in the United States has been

answer

substantially more supportive of business than labor.

question

Government support for agriculture in the form of price supports and income subsidies is designed primarily to

answer

stabilize farm income, which would otherwise fluctuate greatly due to market and weather conditions.

question

Fiscal policy is a mechanism the government employs to influence the economy. Fiscal policy is based on

answer

the government's taxing and spending decisions.

question

In John Maynard Keynes's demand-side economic theory, an economic recession can be shortened through

answer

government spending programs.

question

Supply-side economics, as implemented by President George W. Bush's administration, involved

answer

All these answers are correct

question

A fiscal policy solution to inflation would be to

answer

increase the tax rate.

question

Members of the Federal Reserve Board

answer

are appointed by the president and are not subject to removal.

question

What did Congress do in 1995 to reduce overregulation?

answer

It enacted legislation that prohibits administrators in some instances from issuing a regulation unless they can show that its benefits outweigh its costs.

question

The Progressive Era of government regulation focused on

answer

stopping the unfair business practices of the new monopolies, such as the railroads.

question

Monetary policy includes all the following assumptions EXCEPT that

answer

too little money in circulation contributes to inflation.

question

The Federal Reserve controls the money supply through all of the following actions EXCEPT

answer

lowering the tax rate on individuals.

question

Monetary policy differs from fiscal policy in that

answer

it can be implemented more quickly than fiscal policy.

question

________ wrote The Silent Spring in 1962.

answer

Rachel Carson

question

A major point of debate surrounding the Federal Reserve's role in economic policy is

answer

the Fed's political accountability.

question

Advocates of deregulation are primarily concerned with

answer

efficiency.

question

Regarding the Kyoto agreement and greenhouse gas emissions, which of the following is true?

answer

All these answers are correct.

question

Which president's use of government policy as economic stimulus ushered in the modern era of U.S. government fiscal policy

answer

Franklin Roosevelt1

question

The Superfund program is designed to

answer

provide funds for cleaning up badly contaminated and polluted sites.

question

If the economic problem is low productivity and high unemployment, the fiscal policy action on the demand side would be to

answer

increase spending

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Keynes advocated government spending to counteract an economic downturn.

question

Over the past forty years, the burden of federal taxation has

answer

shifted from corporations to individuals.

question

What has been the preferred strategy of U.S. lawmakers for combating the problem of global warming?

answer

. alternative energy sources and energy conservation

question

Democrats in Washington have usually responded to high levels of unemployment with

answer

increased government spending

question

Which is true regarding the nation's environmental policy?

answer

A majority of the public is sympathetic to environmentalism.

question

Which of the following is correct about environmental policy?

answer

The national parks are subject to a dual use policy of preservation, recreation, and exploitation of the rich natural resources.

question

The ________ established minimum wages and constraints on the use of child labor.

answer

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

question

The highest rate of inflation (13 percent) since World War II occurred in ________.

answer

1979

question

he Federal Reserve System

answer

None of these answers is correct.

question

Earth Day was the brainchild of Senator

answer

Gaylord Nelson

question

Keynesian economics emphasizes ________ as a means of curtailing economic downturns.

answer

increased government spending

question

Supply-side economics is based primarily on

answer

stimulation of the business (supply) component.

question

The Federal Reserve plays a large part in establishing ________ policy.

answer

monetary

question

What was a major change brought about by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935?

answer

Workers were given the right to bargain collectively.

question

The first national park was created at ________ in 1872.

answer

Yellowstone

question

Which of the following government agencies regulates business competition?

answer

all of these: the Federal Trade Commission; the Interstate Commerce Commission; and the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department

question

Regulatory activity relating to the environment has actually meant that the environment today is

answer

vastly more clean than it was during the 1960s

question

The creation of the Food and Drug Administration and the passage of the Securities and Exchange Act were intended to

answer

promote equity in the economy.

question

The tax cuts pushed by President George W. Bush while in office were premised largely on

answer

supply-side economics.

question

The Tennessee Valley Authority is

answer

an electricity industry owned by the United States.

question

Farm subsidies have traditionally had strong support in Congress, particularly from

answer

rural-state senators and representatives.

question

About what percentage of the annual federal budget is accounted for by the interest paid on the national debt?

answer

15%

question

The federal government has assumed a permanent, strong role in the economy, contributing to its stability and efficiency, since

answer

the 1930s.

STUDY

Air And Water Quality International Economics National Labor Relations Act Principles Of Economics: Macroeconomics Principles Of Economics: Microeconomics

Holt McDougal: Economics Concepts and Choices – Flashcards 461 terms

Tony Foust

461 terms

Preview

Holt McDougal: Economics Concepts and Choices – Flashcards

question

absolute advantage

answer

n. the ability of one trading nation to make a product more efficiently than another trading nation (p. 513)

question

aggregate demand

answer

n. the sum of all the demand in the economy (p. 360)

question

aggregate supply

answer

n. the sum of all the supply in the economy (p. 360)

question

antitrust legislation

answer

n. laws that deﬁne monopolies and give government the power to control or dissolve them (p. 214)

question

appropriations

answer

n. set amounts of money put aside for speciﬁc purposes (p. 431)

question

authoritarian

answer

adj. requiring absolute loyalty and obedience to authority (p. 43)

question

automated teller machine (ATM)

answer

n. an electronic device that allows bank customers to make transactions without seeing a bank ofﬁcer (p. 308)

question

automatic stabilizer

answer

n. a feature of ﬁ scal policy that works automatically to steady the economy (p. 447)

question

balanced budget

answer

n. a budget in which total government revenue is equal to total government spending (p. 436)

question

balance of payments

answer

n. a record of all the transactions that occurred between the individuals, businesses, and government units of one nation and those of the rest of the world (p. 529)

question

balance of trade

answer

n. the difference between the value of a country's imports and exports (p. 529)

question

bank exam

answer

n. an audit, conducted by the Federal Reserve, of a bank's ﬁnancial practices (p. 481)

question

bank holding company

answer

n. a company that owns more than one bank (p. 481)

question

barrier to entry

answer

n. anything that hinders a business from entering a market (p. 198)

question

barter

answer

n. the exchange of goods and services without using money (p. 288)

question

bear market

answer

n. a situation in which stock market prices decline steadily over time (p. 335)

question

binding arbitration

answer

n. a process by which an impartial third party resolves disputes between management and unions (p. 280)

question

black market

answer

n. the illegal business of buying or selling goods or services in violation of price controls or rationing (p. 183)

question

Board of Governors

answer

n. the board of seven appointed members that supervises the operations of the Federal Reserve System and sets monetary policy (p. 476)

question

bond

answer

n. a contract a corporation issues that promises to repay borrowed money, plus interest, on a ﬁxed schedule (p. 240)

question

break-even point

answer

n. a situation in which total costs and total revenues are the same (p. 142)

question

budget

answer

n. a plan for allocating income for saving and spending (p. 574)

question

budget deﬁcit

answer

n. a situation in which the government spends more than it takes in (p. 462)

question

budget surplus

answer

n. a situation in which the government takes in more than it spends (p. 462)

question

bull market

answer

n. a situation in which stock market prices rise steadily over time (p. 335)

question

business cycle

answer

n. the series of growing and shrinking periods of economic activity, measured by increases or decreases in real gross domestic product (p. 358)

question

business organization

answer

n. an enterprise that produces goods or provides services, usually to make a proﬁt (p. 226)

question

capital

answer

n. all the resources people make and use to produce and distribute goods and services (p. 8)

question

capital budget

answer

n. a plan for major expenses or investments (p. 436)

question

capital deepening

answer

n. an increase in the ratio of capital to labor (p. 371)

question

capital ﬂight

answer

n. a situation in which capital from a country is invested outside the country (p. 558)

question

capital gain

answer

n. the proﬁt made from the sale of securities (p. 330)

question

capitalism

answer

n. an economic system based on private ownership of the factors of production (p. 49)

question

capital market

answer

n. a market in which long-term ﬁnancial assets are bought and sold (p. 322)

question

cartel

answer

n. a formal organization of sellers or producers who regulate the production, pricing, and marketing of a product (pp. 198, 535)

question

cease and desist order

answer

n. a ruling requiring a ﬁrm to stop an unfair business practice (p. 217)

question

central bank

answer

n. a nation's main monetary authority (p. 474)

question

centrally planned economy

answer

n. a system in which the society's leaders make all economic decisions (p. 42)

question

change in demand

answer

n. a situation in which a change in the marketplace prompts consumers to buy different amounts of a good or service at every price (p. 109)

question

change in quantity demanded

answer

n. a change in the amount of a product that consumers will buy because of a change in price (p. 108)

question

change in quantity supplied

answer

n. an increase or decrease in the amount of a good or service that producers are willing to sell because of a change in price (p. 146)

question

change in supply

answer

n. a situation in which a change in the marketplace prompts producers to offer different amounts for sale at every price (p. 148)

question

check clearing

answer

n. a service provided by the Federal Reserve to record receipts and expenditures of bank clients (p. 480)

question

circular ﬂow model

answer

n. a visualization of all interactions in a market economy (p. 52)

question

civilian labor force

answer

n. people age 16 or older who are employed or actively looking for and available to do work (p. 266)

question

claim

answer

n. a request to an insurance company for payment on an insured loss (p. 596)

question

closed shop

answer

n. a business in which an employer can hire only union members (p. 279)

question

coincident indicators

answer

n. measures of economic performance that usually change at the same time as real gross domestic product changes (p. 364)

question

collective bargaining

answer

n. the process of negotiation between a business and its organized employees to establish wages and improve working conditions (p. 280)

question

command economy

answer

n. an economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions (p. 39)

question

commodity money

answer

n. money that has intrinsic value based on the material from which it is made (p. 291)

question

common stock

answer

n. a share of ownership in a corporation that gives the holder voting rights and a share of proﬁts (p. 331)

question

communism

answer

n. an economic system in which there is no private ownership of property and little or no political freedom (p. 43)

question

comparative advantage

answer

n. the ability of one trading nation to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than that of another trading nation (p. 513)

question

competition

answer

n. the effort of two or more people acting independently to get business by offering the best deal (p. 49)

question

competitive pricing

answer

n. a situation in which producers sell goods and services at prices that best balance the twin desires of making the highest proﬁt and luring customers away from rival producers (p. 174)

question

complements

answer

n. products that are used together, so the increase or decrease in demand for one will result in an increase or decrease in demand for the other (p. 112)

question

conglomerate

answer

n. a business composed of companies that produce unrelated goods or services (p. 243)

question

consumer

answer

n. a person who buys goods or services for personal use (p. 5)

question

consumer price index (CPI)

answer

n. a measure of changes in the prices of goods and services that consumers commonly purchase (p. 396)

question

consumer sovereignty

answer

n. the idea that consumers have the ultimate control over what is produced because they are free to buy what they want and refuse products they do not want (p. 50)

question

contingent employment

answer

n. temporary or part-time work (p. 270)

question

contract

answer

n. a formal, legally binding agreement (p. 598)

question

contraction

answer

n. a decrease in economic activity (p. 359)

question

contractionary ﬁscal policy

answer

n. a plan to reduce aggregate demand and slow down the economy during a period of too rapid economic expansion (p. 446)

question

contractionary monetary policy

answer

n. a plan to reduce the amount of money in circulation; also called tight-money policy (p. 492)

question

cooperative

answer

n. a type of business operated for the shared beneﬁt of the owners, who are also its customers (p. 250)

question

co-pay

answer

n. an amount the insured owes when an insured receives health care (p. 596)

question

corporate income tax

answer

n. a tax based on a corporation's proﬁts (p. 412)

question

corporation

answer

n. a business owned by shareholders, also called stockholders, who own the rights to the company's proﬁts but face only limited liability for the company's debts and losses (p. 238)

question

cosigner

answer

n. a person who assumes responsibility for the debt if the borrower fails to repay the loan (p. 583)

question

cost-beneﬁt analysis

answer

n. the practice of examining the costs and the expected beneﬁts of a choice as an aid to decision making (p. 15)

question

cost-push inﬂation

answer

n. a situation in which increases in production costs push up prices (p. 399)

question

Council of Economic Advisers

answer

n. the three-member group that advises the President on ﬁscal policy and other economic issues (p. 452)

question

coupon rate

answer

n. the interest rate a bond-holder receives every year until the bond matures (p. 338)

question

craft union

answer

n. an organization of workers with similar skills who work in different industries for different employers (p. 274)

question

credit

answer

n. the practice of buying goods or services now and paying for them in the future (p. 582)

question

credit report

answer

n. a statement by a credit bureau that details a consumer's credit record (p. 586)

question

credit score

answer

n. a number that summarizes a consumer's creditworthiness (p. 586)

question

crowding-out effect

answer

n. a situation in which the government outbids private bond interest rates to gain loanable funds (p. 466)

question

currency

answer

n. paper money and coins (pp. 293, 475)

question

customs duty

answer

n. a tax on goods imported into the United States (p. 425)

question

customs unions

answer

n. agreements that abolish trade barriers among the members and establish uniform tariffs for nonmembers (p. 532)

question

cyclical unemployment

answer

n. unemployment caused by the part of the business cycle with decreased economic activity (p. 384)

question

debit card

answer

n. a card one can use like an ATM card to withdraw cash or like a check to make purchases (p. 308)

question

debt restructuring

answer

n. a method countries with outstanding debt obligations use to alter the terms of debt agreements to achieve some advantage (p. 559)

question

deductible

answer

n. the amount the insured pays before the insurance company pays (p. 596)

question

default

answer

n. the condition that occurs when a nation cannot pay interest or principle on a loan (p. 559)

question

deﬁcit spending

answer

n. the government practice of spending more than it collects in revenue for a speciﬁc ﬁscal year (p. 462)

question

deﬂation

answer

n. a decrease in the general price level (p. 398)

question

demand

answer

n. the desire to have some good or service and the ability to pay for it (p. 98)

question

demand curve

answer

n. a graph that shows a demand schedule, or how much of a good or service an individual is willing and able to purchase at each price (p. 102)

question

demand deposits

answer

n. checking accounts, so called because checking accounts can be converted into currency "on demand" (p. 293)

question

demand-pull inﬂation

answer

n. a condition that occurs when total demand rises faster than the production of goods and services (p. 399)

question

demand schedule

answer

n. a table that shows how much of a good or service an individual is willing and able to purchase at each price (p. 100)

question

demand-side ﬁscal policy

answer

n. a plan to stimulate aggregate demand (p. 454)

question

deposit multiplier formula

answer

n. a mathematical formula that tells how much the money supply will increase after an initial cash deposit in a bank (p. 485)

question

depreciate

answer

v. to decrease in value (p. 590)

question

depression

answer

n. an extended period of high unemployment and reduced business activity (p. 359)

question

deregulation

answer

n. the reduction or elimination of government oversight and control of business (p. 218)

question

derived demand

answer

n. a demand for a product or resource based on its contribution to the ﬁ nal product (p. 259)

question

developed nations

answer

n. nations that have a market economy, a relatively high standard of living, a high GDP, industrialization, widespread private ownership of private property, and stable and effective governments (p. 544)

question

diminishing returns

answer

n. a situation in which new workers cause marginal product to grow but at a decreasing rate (p. 139)

question

discount rate

answer

n. the interest rate that the Federal Reserve charges when it lends money to other banks (p. 491)

question

discretionary ﬁscal policy

answer

n. actions taken by the federal government by choice to correct economic instability (p. 446)

question

discretionary spending

answer

n. spending that the government must authorize each year (p. 428)

question

disequilibrium

answer

n. a situation in which quantity supplied and quantity demanded are not in balance (p. 169)

question

disposable personal income (DPI)

answer

n. personal income minus taxes (p. 355)

question

diversiﬁcation

answer

n. the practice of distributing investments among different ﬁnancial assets to maximize return and limit risk (p. 327)

question

dividend

answer

n. the part of a corporation's proﬁt that the company pays the stockholders (p. 238)

question

dumping

answer

n. the sale of a product in another country at a price lower than that charged in the home market (p. 521)

question

Dumpster diving

answer

n. technique used by identity thieves to gather personal information in the garbage (p. 588)

question

economic growth

answer

n. an increase in a nation's real gross domestic product (p. 358)

question

economic interdependence

answer

n. a situation in which producers in one nation depend on others to provide goods and services they do not produce (p. 510)

question

economic model

answer

n. a simpliﬁed representation of economic activities, systems, or problems (p. 18)

question

economics

answer

n. the study of how individuals and societies satisfy their unlimited wants with limited resources (p. 4)

question

economic system

answer

n. the way in which a society uses its scarce resources to satisfy its people's unlimited wants (p. 38)

question

economies of scale

answer

n. a situation in which the average cost of production falls as the producer grows larger (p. 201)

question

economize

answer

v. to make decisions according what is believed to be the best combination of costs and beneﬁts (p. 12)

question

efﬁciency

answer

n. the condition in which economic resources are used to produce the maximum amount of goods and services (p. 20)

question

elastic

answer

adj. referring to a situation in which a change in price, either up or down, leads to a relatively larger change in the quantity demanded or the quantity supplied (pp. 117, 154)

question

elasticity of demand

answer

n. a measure of how responsive consumers are to price changes in the marketplace (p. 117)

question

elasticity of supply

answer

n. a measure of how responsive producers are to price changes in the marketplace (p. 154)

question

embargo

answer

n. a law that cuts off most or all trade with a speciﬁc country (p. 521)

question

entitlement

answer

n. a social welfare program with speciﬁc eligibility requirements (p. 428)

question

entrepreneurship

answer

n. the combination of vision, skill, ingenuity, and willingness to take risks that is needed to create and run new businesses (p. 9)

question

equilibrium price

answer

n. the price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied (p. 164)

question

equilibrium wage

answer

n. the wage at which the quantity of workers demanded equals the quantity of workers supplied; the market price for labor (p. 258)

question

estate tax

answer

n. a tax on the assets of a person who has died (p. 425)

question

European Union (EU)

answer

n. the economic and political union of European nations that was established in 1993 (p. 532)

question

euro

answer

n. the single currency of the European Union (p. 533)

question

excise tax

answer

n. a tax on the production or sale of a speciﬁc good or service (pp. 149, 425)

question

expansion

answer

n. an increase in economic activity (p. 358)

question

expansionary ﬁscale policy

answer

n. a plan to increase aggregate demand and stimulate a weak economy (p. 446)

question

expansionary monetary policy

answer

n. a plan to increase the amount of money in circulation; also called easy-money policy (p. 492)

question

exports

answer

n. goods or services produced in one country and sold to other countries (p. 516)

question

externality

answer

n. a side effect of a transaction that affects someone other than the producer or buyer (p. 87)

question

factor market

answer

n. the market for the factors of production—land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship (p. 52)

question

factors of production

answer

n. the economic resources needed to produce goods and services (p. 8)

question

federal budget

answer

n. a plan for spending federal tax money (p. 431)

question

federal funds rate (FFR)

answer

n. the interest at which a depository institution lends available funds to another depository institution overnight (p. 490)

question

Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)

answer

n. a payroll tax that provides coverage for the elderly, the unemployed due to disability, and surviving family members of wage earners who have died (p. 423)

question

Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)

answer

n. the Federal Reserve System board that supervises the sale and purchase of federal government securities (p. 477)

question

Federal Reserve System

answer

n. the central bank of the United States; commonly called the Fed (p. 474)

question

ﬁat money

answer

n. money that has no tangible backing but is declared by the government and accepted by citizens to have worth (p. 291)

question

ﬁling status

answer

n. for ﬁling taxes, based on marital status or support of dependents (p. 604)

question

ﬁnancial asset

answer

n. a claim on a borrower's property (p. 319)

question

ﬁnancial intermediary

answer

n. an institution that collects funds from savers and invests these funds in ﬁnancial assets (p. 319)

question

ﬁnancial market

answer

n. a situation in which buyers and sellers exchange ﬁnancial assets (p. 319)

question

ﬁnancial system

answer

n. all the institutions that help transfer funds between savers and investors (p. 318)

question

ﬁscal

answer

adj. of or relating to government revenue and spending (p. 446)

question

ﬁscale policy

answer

n. the federal government's use of taxing and spending to affect the economy (p. 446)

question

ﬁscal year

answer

n. a 12-month period for which an organization plans its expenditures (p. 431)

question

ﬁxed costs

answer

n. expenses that business owners incur no matter how much they produce (p. 140)

question

ﬁxed rate of exchange

answer

n. a system in which the currency of one nation is ﬁ xed or constant in relation to other currencies (p. 526)

question

ﬂexible exchange rate

answer

n. a system in which the exchange rate for currency changes as supply and demand for the currency changes; also called the ﬂoating rate (p. 527)

question

focus group

answer

n. a moderated discussion with small groups of consumers (p. 208)

question

foreign exchange market

answer

n. a market in which currencies of different countries are bought and sold (p. 526)

question

foreign exchange rate

answer

n. the price of one currency in the currencies of other nations (p. 526)

question

franchise

answer

n. a business made up of semi-independent businesses that all offer the same products or services (p. 248)

question

franchisee

answer

n. a semi-independent business that pays a fee for the right to sell the parent company's products or services in a particular area (p. 248)

question

free contract

answer

n. a situation in which people decide for themselves which legal agreements to enter into (p. 73)

question

free enterprise system

answer

n. another name for capitalism, an economic system based on private ownership of productive resources (p. 70)

question

free rider

answer

n. a person who does not pay for a good or service but who beneﬁts from it when it is provided (p. 85)

question

free-trade zone

answer

n. a speciﬁ c region in which trade between nations takes place without protective tariffs (p. 532)

question

frictional unemployment

answer

n. the temporary unemployment of workers moving from one job to another (p. 384)

question

full employment

answer

n. a level of unemployment in which none of the unemployment is caused by decreased economic activity; generally marked by an unemployment rate of 4 to 6 percent (p. 383)

question

future

answer

n. a contract to buy or sell a stock on a speciﬁed future date at a preset price (p. 333)

question

general partnership

answer

n. a partnership in which each partner shares the management of the business and is liable for all business debts and losses (p. 233)

question

geographic monopoly

answer

n. a monopoly that exists because there are no other producers or sellers within a certain region (p. 201)

question

gift tax

answer

n. a tax on money or property given by one living person to another (p. 425)

question

glass ceiling

answer

n. an unseen, artiﬁcial barrier to advancement that women and minorities sometimes face (p. 262)

question

global economy

answer

n. all the economic interactions that cross international boundaries (p. 61)

question

gold standard

answer

n. a system in which the basic monetary unit is equal to a set amount of gold (p. 299)

question

goods

answer

n. physical objects, such as food, clothing, and furniture, that can be purchased (p. 5)

question

government monopoly

answer

n. a monopoly that exists because the government either owns and runs the business or authorizes only one producer (p. 201)

question

grant-in-aid

answer

n. a transfer payment from the federal government to state or local governments (p. 432)

question

gross domestic product (GDP)

answer

n. the market value of all ﬁnal goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period (p. 350)

question

gross national product (GNP)

answer

n. the market value of all ﬁnal goods and services produced by a country in a given time period (p. 355)

question

hacking

answer

n. technique used by identity thieves to gather personal information using computers and related technology (p. 588)

question

horizontal merger

answer

n. the joining of two or more companies that offer the same or similar products or services (p. 243)

question

human capital

answer

n. the knowledge and skills that enable workers to be productive (p. 261)

question

human development index (HDI)

answer

n. a combination of a nation's real GDP per capita, life expectancy, adult literacy rate, and student enrollment ﬁ gures that indicates what life is like in a speciﬁc country (p. 547)

question

hyperinﬂation

answer

n. a rapid, uncontrolled rate of inﬂation in excess of 50 percent (p. 398)

question

identity theft

answer

n. the use of someone else's personal information for criminal purposes (p. 588)

question

imperfect competition

answer

n. a market structure that lacks one or more of the conditions needed for perfect competition (p. 195)

question

imports

answer

n. goods or services produced in one country and purchased by another (p. 516)

question

incentive

answer

n. a beneﬁt offered to encourage people to act in a certain way (pp. 12, 176)

question

incidence of a tax

answer

n. the nal burden of a tax (p. 415)

question

income distribution

answer

n. the way income is divided among people in a nation (p. 390)

question

income effect

answer

n. a change in the amount of a good or service a consumer will buy because his or her income (and therefore purchasing power) changes (p. 107)

question

income inequality

answer

n. the unequal distribution of income (p. 390)

question

increasing returns

answer

n. a situation in which hiring new workers cause marginal product to increase (p. 139)

question

independent contractor

answer

n. someone who sells his or her services on a contract basis (p. 270)

question

individual income tax

answer

n. a tax based on an individual's income from all sources (p. 412)

question

industrial union

answer

n. an organization of workers with many different skills who work in the same industry (p. 274)

question

inelastic

answer

n. a situation in which quantity demanded or quantity supplied changes little as price changes (pp. 117, 155)

question

infant industries

answer

n. new industries that are often unable to compete against larger, more established competitors (p. 523)

question

infant mortality rate

answer

n. the number of children who die within the ﬁrst year of life per 1,000 births (p. 547)

question

inferior goods

answer

n. goods that consumers demand less of when their incomes rise (p. 110)

question

inﬂation

answer

n. a sustained rise in the general price level, or a sustained fall in the purchasing power of money (p. 396)

question

inﬂation rate

answer

n. the rate of change in prices over a set period of time (p. 397)

question

infrastructure

answer

n. the basic set of support systems—such as power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems—needed to keep an economy and society going (pp. 86, 545)

question

input costs

answer

n. the price of the resources needed to produce a good or service (p. 148)

question

insourcing

answer

n. the practice of foreign companies establishing operations in, and therefore bringing jobs to, the United States (p. 269)

question

interest

answer

n. a fee a bank pays for the use of money (p. 578)

question

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

answer

n. the international organization established to promote international monetary cooperation, foster economic growth, and provide temporary ﬁnancial assistance to countries to help ease balance-of payments adjustment (p. 559)

question

investment

answer

n. the use of income today in a way that allows for a future beneﬁ t (p. 318)

question

investment objective

answer

n. a ﬁnancial goal that is used to determine if an investment is appropriate (p. 324)

question

junk bond

answer

n. a high-risk, high-yield corporate bond (p. 339)

question

Keynesian economics

answer

n. the idea, ﬁ rst advanced by John Maynard Keynes, that the government needs to stimulate aggregate demand in times of recession (p. 454)

question

labor

answer

n. all the human time, effort, and talent used to produce goods and services (p. 8)

question

labor input

answer

n. the size of the labor force multiplied by the length of the workweek (p. 371)

question

labor productivity

answer

n. the amount of goods and services a person can produce in a given time (p. 149)

question

labor union

answer

n. an organization of workers that seeks to improve wages, working conditions, fringe beneﬁts, job security, and other work-related matters for its members (p. 274)

question

Laffer Curve

answer

n. a graph that illustrates how tax cuts affect tax revenues and economic growth (p. 459)

question

lagging indicators

answer

n. measures of economic performance that usually change after real gross domestic product changes (p. 364)

question

laissez faire

answer

n. the principle that the government should not interfere in the economy (p. 49)

question

land

answer

n. all the natural resources on or under the ground that are used to produce goods and services (p. 8)

question

landlord

answer

n. the owner of rental property (p. 609)

question

law of comparative advantage

answer

n. the law stating that countries gain when they produce items that they are most efﬁcient at producing and that are at the lowest opportunity cost (p. 514)

question

law of demand

answer

n. states that when the price of a good or service goes down, quantity demanded increases, and when the prices go up, quantity demanded falls (p. 99)

question

law of diminishing marginal utility

answer

n. states that the marginal beneﬁt from using each additional unit of a good or service during a given time period tends to decline as each is used (p. 106)

question

law of increasing opportunity costs

answer

n. states that as production switches from one product to another, increasingly more resources are needed to increase the production of the second product, which causes opportunity costs to rise (p. 21)

question

law of supply

answer

n. states that producers are willing to sell more of a good or service at a higher price than they are at a lower price (p. 131)

question

leading indicators

answer

n. measures of economic performance that usually change before real gross domestic product changes (p. 364)

question

lease

answer

n. a contract for renting an apartment, vehicle, or other item for a speciﬁc period of time (p. 609)

question

legal equality

answer

n. a situation in which everyone has the same economic rights under the law (p. 73)

question

less developed countries (LDCs)

answer

n. countries with lower GDPs, less well-developed industry, and lower standards of living; sometimes called emerging economies (p. 545)

question

life expectancy

answer

n. the average number of years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life (p. 547)

question

limited liability

answer

n. a situation in which a business owner's liability for business debts and losses is limited (p. 240)

question

limited liability partnership (LLP)

answer

n. a partnership in which all partners are not responsible for the debts and other liabilities of the other partners (p. 233)

question

limited life

answer

n. a situation in which a business ceases to exist if the owner dies, retires, or leaves (p. 228)

question

limited partnership

answer

n. a partnership in which at least one partner is not involved in running the business and is liable only for the funds he or she invested (p. 233)

question

literacy rate

answer

n. the percentage of people older than 15 who can read and write (p. 547)

question

loan

answer

n. borrowed money that is usually repaid with interest (p. 582)

question

Lorenz curve

answer

n. a curve that shows the degree of income inequality in a nation (p. 391)

question

macroeconomic equilibrium

answer

n. the point where aggregate demand equals aggregate supply (p. 361)

question

macroeconomics

answer

n. the study of the behavior of the economy as a whole; concerned with large-scale economic activity (p. 27)

question

mandatory spending

answer

n. government spending that is required by current law (p. 428)

question

marginal beneﬁt

answer

n. the beneﬁt or satisfaction gained from using one more unit of a good or service (p. 16)

question

marginal cost

answer

n. the additional cost of producing or using one more unit of a good or service (pp. 16, 140)

question

marginal product

answer

n. the change in total output that results from adding one more worker (p. 138)

question

marginal revenue

answer

n. the money made from each additional unit sold (p. 142)

question

market

answer

n. any place or situation in which people buy and sell goods and services (p. 48)

question

market allocation

answer

n. an agreement among or between competing businesses to divide up a market (p. 216)

question

market demand curve

answer

n. a graph that shows data from a market demand schedule, or how much of a good or service all consumers are willing and able to purchase at each price (p. 102)

question

market demand schedule

answer

n. a table that shows how much of a good or service all consumers are willing and able to purchase at each price in a market (p. 100)

question

market economy

answer

n. an economic system based on individual choice and voluntary exchange (p. 39)

question

market equilibrium

answer

n. a situation in which the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at a particular price are equal (p. 164)

question

market failure

answer

n. a situation in which people who are not part of a marketplace interaction beneﬁt from it or pay part of its costs (p. 84)

question

market research

answer

n. the gathering and evaluation of information about consumer preferences for goods and services (p. 208)

question

market share

answer

n. a company's percent of total sales in a particular market (p. 209)

question

market structure

answer

n. an economic model of competition among businesses in the same industry (p. 192)

question

market supply curve

answer

n. a graph that shows data from a market supply schedule (p. 134)

question

market supply schedule

answer

n. how much of a good or service all producers in a market are willing and able to offer for sale at each price (p. 132)

question

maturity

answer

n. the date when a bond is due to be repaid (p. 338)

question

Medicaid

answer

n. a government-run medical insurance program for low-income people (p. 429)

question

Medicare

answer

n. a government-run, national health insurance program mainly for citizens over age 65 (p. 423)

question

medium of exchange

answer

n. a means through which goods and services can be exchanged (p. 288)

question

merger

answer

n. the combining of two or more companies to form a single company (p. 214)

question

microeconomics

answer

n. the study of the behavior of individual players—such as individuals, families, and businesses—in an economy (p. 27)

question

minimum balance requirement

answer

n. the amount of money needed in an account to avoid fees (p. 576)

question

minimum wage

answer

n. the lowest amount, established by law, that an employer may pay a worker for one hour of work (pp. 182, 262)

question

mixed economy

answer

n. an economic system that has elements of traditional, command, and market economies; the most common economic system (p. 58)

question

modiﬁed free enterprise economy

answer

n. a mixed economic system that includes some government protections, provisions, and regulations to adjust the free enterprise system (p. 80)

question

monetarism

answer

n. an economic theory that suggests that rapid changes in the money supply are the main cause of economic instability (p. 496)

question

monetary

answer

adj. of or relating to money (p. 474)

question

monetary policy

answer

n. the Federal Reserve's actions that change the money supply to inﬂ uence the economy (p. 490)

question

money

answer

n. anything that people will accept as payment for goods and services (p. 288)

question

money market

answer

n. a market in which short-term ﬁnancial assets are bought and sold (p. 322)

question

monopolistic competition

answer

n. a market structure in which many sellers offer similar, but not standardized, products to consumers (p. 206)

question

monopoly

answer

n. a market structure in which only one seller sells a product for which there are no close substitutes (p. 198)

question

monopsony

answer

n. market structure in which there are many sellers but only one large buyer (p. 212)

question

multifactor productivity

answer

n. the ratio between an industry's economic output and its labor and capital inputs (p. 372)

question

multinational corporation

answer

n. a corporation with branches in several countries (p. 243)

question

mutual fund

answer

n. an investment company that gathers money from individual investors and uses the money to purchase a range of ﬁnancial assets (p. 320)

question

NAFTA

answer

n. the North America Free Trade Agreement, which ensures free trade throughout the continent and constitutes the largest free-trade zone in the world (p. 533)

question

national bank

answer

n. a bank chartered by the national government (p. 299)

question

national debt

answer

n. the total amount of money that the federal government owes (p. 462)

question

national income (NI)

answer

n. the total income earned in a nation from the production of goods and services in a given time period (p. 355)

question

national income accounting

answer

n. a way of analyzing a country's economy using statistical measures of its income, spending, and output (p. 350)

question

nationalize

answer

v. to change from private ownership to government or public ownership (p. 61)

question

natural monopoly

answer

n. a market situation in which the costs of production are lowest when only one ﬁrm supplies a product or service (p. 201)

question

near money

answer

n. savings accounts and other similar time deposits that can be converted into cash relatively easily (p. 293)

question

needs

answer

n. things such as food, clothing, and shelter that are necessary for survival (p. 4)

question

negative externality

answer

n. an externality that costs people who were not involved in the original economic activity (p. 87)

question

net national product (NNP)

answer

n. the gross national product minus depreciation of capital stock—in other words, the value of ﬁnal goods and services less the value of capital goods that became worn out during the year (p. 355)

question

nominal GDP

answer

n. the gross domestic product stated in terms of the current value of goods and services (p. 352)

question

nonmarket activities

answer

n. services that have potential economic value but are performed without charge (p. 354)

question

nonprice competition

answer

n. the use of factors other than price—such as style, service, advertising, or giveaways—to try to convince customers to buy from one producer rather than another (p. 207)

question

nonproﬁt organization

answer

n. an institution that acts like a business but exists to beneﬁt society rather than to make a proﬁt (p. 250)

question

normal goods

answer

n. goods that consumers demand more of when their incomes rise (p. 110)

question

normative economics

answer

n. a way of describing and explaining what economic behavior ought to be, not what it actually is (p. 29)

question

oligopoly

answer

n. a market structure in which only a few sellers offer a similar product (p. 209)

question

OPEC

answer

n. the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a regional trade group (p. 535)

question

open market operations

answer

n. the Federal Reserve's sale and purchase of federal government securities; the monetary policy tool most used by the Federal Reserve to adjust the money supply (p. 490)

question

open opportunity

answer

n. the ability of everyone to enter and compete in the market of his or her own free choice (p. 73)

question

operating budget

answer

n. a plan for day-to-day expenses (p. 436)

question

opportunity cost

answer

n. the value of something that is given up by choosing one alternative over another (p. 14)

question

option

answer

n. a contract giving an investor the right to buy or sell stock at a future date at a preset price (p. 333)

question

outsourcing

answer

n. the practice of contracting with an outside company, often in a foreign country, to provide goods or services (p. 269)

question

overdraft

answer

n. a check or other withdrawal that exceeds the existing account balance (p. 576)

question

par value

answer

n. the amount that a bond issuer promises to pay the buyer at maturity (p. 338)

question

partnership

answer

n. a business co-owned by two or more people, or "partners," who agree on how responsibilities, proﬁ ts, and losses should be divided (p. 232)

question

patent

answer

n. a legal registration of an invention or a process that gives the inventor the exclusive property rights to that invention or process for a certain number of years (p. 202)

question

peak

answer

n. the end of an expansion in the economy (p. 359)

question

per capita gross domestic product

answer

n. a nation's GDP divided by its total population (p. 546)

question

perestroika

answer

n. Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev's plan to gradually incorporate markets into the Soviet Union's command economy (p. 564)

question

perfect competition

answer

n. the ideal model of a market economy; the market structure in which none of the many well-informed and independent sellers or buyers has control over the price of a standardized good or service (p. 192)

question

personal income (PI)

answer

n. the annual income received by a country's people from all sources (p. 355)

question

phishing

answer

n. technique used by identity thieves to gather personal information through deceptive telephone calls (p. 588)

question

answer

n. personal identiﬁcation number (p. 577)

question

positive economics

answer

n. a way of describing and explaining economics as it is (p. 29)

question

positive externality

answer

n. an externality that beneﬁts people who were not involved in the original economic activity (p. 87)

question

poverty

answer

n. the situation in which a person's income and resources do not allow him or her to achieve a minimum standard of living (p. 388)

question

poverty rate

answer

n. the percentage of people living in households that have incomes below the poverty threshold (p. 389)

question

poverty threshold

answer

n. the ofﬁ cial minimum income needed to pay for the basic expenses of living (p. 388)

question

predatory pricing

answer

n. the setting of prices below cost for a time to drive smaller competitors out of a market (p. 216)

question

preferred stock

answer

n. a share of ownership in a corporation giving the holder a share of proﬁts but, in general, no voting rights (p. 331)

question

premium

answer

n. an amount paid for insurance (p. 596)

question

price ceiling

answer

n. an established maximum price that sellers may charge for a product (p. 180)

question

price ﬁxing

answer

n. conspiring among or between businesses to set the prices of competing products (p. 216)

question

price ﬂoor

answer

n. an established minimum price that buyers must pay for a product (p. 182)

question

price maker

answer

n. a business that does not have to consider competitors when setting its prices (p. 198)

question

price taker

answer

n. a ﬁrm that must accept the market price set by the interaction of supply and demand (p. 193)

question

primary market

answer

n. a market for buying newly created ﬁnancial assets directly from the issuing entity (p. 322)

question

prime rate

answer

n. the interest rate that banks charge their best customers (p. 491)

question

private company

answer

n. a corporation that controls who can buy or sell its stock (p. 238)

question

private property rights

answer

n. the rights of individuals and groups to own resources and businesses (p. 48)

question

private sector

answer

n. the part of the economy that is owned by individuals or businesses (p. 432)

question

privatization

answer

n. the process of transferring state-owned property and businesses to individuals (p. 563)

question

privatize

answer

v. to change from government or public ownership to private ownership (p. 61)

question

producer

answer

n. a person who makes goods or provides services (p. 5)

question

producer price index (PPI)

answer

n. a measure of changes in wholesale prices (p. 397)

question

product differentiation

answer

n. the attempt to distinguish a product from similar products (p. 206)

question

product market

answer

n. the market in which goods and services are bought and sold (p. 52)

question

production possibilities curve (PPC)

answer

n. a graph used to illustrate the impact of scarcity on an economy (p. 18)

question

productivity

answer

n. the amount of output produced from a set amount of inputs (p. 372)

question

proﬁt

answer

n. the ﬁnancial gain a seller makes from a business transaction (p. 49); the money left over after the costs of producing a product are subtracted from the income gained by selling that product (p. 78)

question

proﬁt-maximizing output

answer

n. the point in production at which a business has reached its highest level of proﬁt (p. 143)

question

proﬁt motive

answer

n. the incentive that encourages people and organizations to improve their material well-being by seeking to gain from economic activities (p. 73)

question

progressive tax

answer

n. a tax that places a higher percentage rate of taxation on high-income earners than on low-income earners (p. 412)

question

property tax

answer

n. a tax based on the value of an individual's or a business's assets (p. 412)

question

proportional tax

answer

n. a tax that takes the same percentage of income from all taxpayers regardless of income level (p. 412)

question

protectionism

answer

n. the use of trade barriers between nations to protect domestic industries (p. 523)

question

protective tariff

answer

n. a tax on imported goods to protect domestic goods (p. 521)

question

public company

answer

n. a corporation that issues stock that can be freely traded (p. 238)

question

public disclosure

answer

n. a policy requiring businesses to reveal product information to consumers (p. 217)

question

public goods

answer

n. goods and services provided by the government and consumed by the public as a group (p. 84)

question

public transfer payment

answer

n. a transfer payment in which the government transfers income from taxpayers to recipients who do not provide anything in return (p. 89)

question

quota

answer

n. a limit on the amount of a product that can be imported (p. 520)

question

rational expectations theory

answer

n. the theory that states that individuals and business ﬁrms expect changes in ﬁscal policy will have particular effects and take action to protect their interests against those effects (p. 452)

question

rationing

answer

n. a system in which the government allocates goods and services using factors other than price (p. 183)

question

real GDP

answer

n. the gross domestic product corrected for changes in prices from year to year (p. 352)

question

real GDP per capita

answer

n. the real gross domestic product divided by total population (p. 369)

question

recession

answer

n. a prolonged economic contraction lasting two or more quarters (six months or more) (p. 359)

question

regressive tax

answer

n. a tax that takes a larger percentage of income from low-income earners than from high-income earners (p. 412)

question

regulation

answer

n. a set of rules or laws designed to control business behavior (pp. 150, 214)

question

representative money

answer

n. paper money that is backed by something tangible (p. 291)

question

required reserve ratio (RRR)

answer

n. the fraction of a bank's deposits, determined by the Federal Reserve, that it must keep in reserve so that it can loan out money (p. 484)

question

return

answer

n. the proﬁt or loss made on an investment (p. 327)

question

revenue

answer

n. government income from taxes and nontax sources (p. 410)

question

revenue tariff

answer

n. a tax on imports speciﬁ cally to raise money; are rarely used today (p. 521)

question

right-to-work laws

answer

n. legislation that makes it illegal to require workers to join unions (p. 279)

question

risk

answer

n. the possibility for loss on an investment (p. 327)

question

safety net

answer

n. government programs designed to protect people from economic hardships (p. 89)

question

sales tax

answer

n. a tax based on the value of goods or services at the time of sale (p. 412)

question

savings

answer

n. income not used for consumption (p. 318)

question

scarcity

answer

n. a situation that exists when there are not enough resources to meet human wants (p. 4)

question

seasonal unemployment

answer

n. unemployment linked to seasonal work (p. 384)

question

secondary market

answer

n. a market in which ﬁ nancial assets are resold (p. 322)

question

service

answer

n. work that one person does for another for payment (p. 5)

question

answer

n. part of the stock of a corporation (p. 238); see stock

question

shock therapy

answer

n. an economic program involving the abrupt shift from a command economy to a free-market economy (p. 563)

question

shortage

answer

n. a situation in which demand is greater than supply, usually the result of prices being set too low (p. 167)

question

shoulder surﬁng

answer

n. technique used by identity thieves to gather personal information as you disclose private information in public (p. 588)

question

socialism

answer

n. an economic system in which the government owns some or all of the factors of production (p. 43)

question

Social Security

answer

n. a federal program to aid older citizens, orphaned children, and the disabled (p. 423)

question

sole proprietorship

answer

n. a business owned and controlled by one person (p. 226)

question

spamming

answer

n. technique used by identity thieves to gather personal information through deceptive e-mails (p. 588)

question

special economic zone (SEZ)

answer

n. a geographic region that has economic laws that are different from a country's usual economic laws, with the goal of increasing foreign investment (p. 567)

question

specialization

answer

n. a situation that occurs when individuals or businesses concentrate their efforts in the areas in which they have an advantage for increased productivity and proﬁt (pp. 50, 138, 510)

question

spending multiplier effect

answer

n. a situation in which a small change in spending eventually results in a much larger change in GDP (p. 455)

question

stabilization programs

answer

n. programs that require troubled nations to carry out reforms such as reducing foreign trade deﬁcits and external debt, eliminating price controls, closing inefﬁcient public enterprises, and slashing budget deﬁcits (p. 559)

question

stagﬂation

answer

n. a period during which prices rise at the same time that there is a slowdown in business activity (p. 359)

question

standardized product

answer

n. a product that consumers consider identical in all essential features to other products in the same market (p. 192)

question

standard of value

answer

n. the yardstick of economic worth in the exchange process (p. 289)

question

start-up costs

answer

n. the expenses that a new business must pay to enter a market and begin selling to consumers (p. 209)

question

state bank

answer

n. a bank chartered by a state government (p. 296)

question

statistics

answer

n. numerical data (p. 24)

question

stock

answer

n. shares of ownership in a corporation (p. 238)

question

stockbroker

answer

n. an agent who buys and sells securities for customers (p. 332)

question

stock exchange

answer

n. a secondary market where securities are bought and sold (p. 330)

question

stock index

answer

n. an instrument used to measure and report the change in prices of a set of stocks (p. 334)

question

stored-value card

answer

n. a card that represents money that the card holder has on deposit with the card issuer (p. 308)

question

store of value

answer

n. something that holds its value over time (p. 289)

question

strike

answer

n. a work stoppage used to gain negotiating power while attempting to convince an employer to improve wages, working conditions, or other work-related matters (p. 274)

question

structural unemployment

answer

n. unemployment that exists when the available jobs do not match the skills of available workers (p. 384)

question

subsidy

answer

n. a government payment that helps cover the cost of an economic activity that can beneﬁt the public as a whole (p. 88)

question

substitutes

answer

n. products that can be used in place of other products to satisfy consumer wants (p. 112)

question

substitution effect

answer

n. the pattern of behavior that occurs when consumers react to a change in price of a product by buying a substitute product that offers a better relative value (p. 107)

question

supply

answer

n. the willingness and ability of a producer to produce and sell a product (p. 130)

question

supply curve

answer

n. a graph that shows data from a supply schedule (p. 134)

question

supply schedule

answer

n. a table that shows how much of a good or service an individual producer is willing and able to offer for sale at each price (p. 132)

question

supply-side ﬁscal policy

answer

n. a plan designed to provide incentives to producers to increase aggregate supply (p. 458)

question

surplus

answer

n. a situation in which supply is greater than demand, usually the result of prices being set too high (p. 167)

question

tariff

answer

n. a fee charged for goods brought into a country from another country (p. 521)

question

tax

answer

n. a mandatory payment to a government (p. 410)

question

taxable income

answer

n. the portion of income subject to taxation after all deductions and exemptions (pp. 421, 604)

question

tax assessor

answer

n. a government ofﬁ cial who determines the value of property to be taxed (p. 437)

question

tax base

answer

n. a form of wealth—such as income, property, goods, or services—that is subject to taxes (p. 412)

question

tax incentive

answer

n. the use of taxes to encourage or discourage certain economic behaviors (p. 417)

question

tax return

answer

n. a form used to report income and taxes owed to the government (p. 421)

question

technological monopoly

answer

n. a monopoly that exists because a ﬁrm controls a manufacturing method, invention, or type of technology (p. 201)

question

technology

answer

n. the application of scientiﬁc methods and innovations to production (p. 149)

question

telecommuting

answer

n. the practice of doing ofﬁce work in a location other than the ofﬁ ce (p. 270)

question

thrift institution

answer

n. a ﬁ nancial institution that serves savers (p. 478)

question

total cost

answer

n. the sum of ﬁxed and variable costs (p. 140)

question

total revenue

answer

n. the income a business receives from selling its products (pp. 122, 142)

question

total revenue test

answer

n. a method of measuring elasticity by comparing the total revenue a business would receive when offering its product at various prices (p. 122)

question

trade barrier

answer

n. any law passed to limit free trade between nations (p. 520)

question

trade deﬁcit

answer

n. an unfavorable balance of trade that occurs when a nation imports more than it exports (p. 529)

question

trade-off

answer

n. the alternative someone gives up when making an economic choice (p. 14)

question

trade surplus

answer

n. a favorable balance of trade that occurs when a nation exports more than it imports (p. 529)

question

trade war

answer

n. a succession of trade barriers between nations (p. 522)

question

trade-weighted value of the dollar

answer

n. a measure of the international value of the dollar that determines if the dollar is strong or weak as measured against another currency (p. 528)

question

traditional economy

answer

n. an economic system in which people make economic decisions based on customs and beliefs that have been handed down from one generation to the next (p. 38)

question

transfer payment

answer

n. money distributed to individuals who do not provide goods or services in return (pp. 89, 432)

question

transitional economy

answer

n. a country that has moved (or is moving) from a command economy to a market economy (p. 545)

question

Treasury bill (T bill)

answer

n. a short-term bond that matures in less than one year (p. 464)

question

Treasury bond

answer

n. a long-term bond that matures in 30 years (p. 464)

question

Treasury note

answer

n. an intermediate-term bond that matures in between two and ten years (p. 464)

question

trough

answer

n. the end of a contraction in the economy (p. 359)

question

trust

answer

n. a group of ﬁ rms combined in order to reduce competition in an industry (p. 214)

question

trust fund

answer

n. a fund held for a speciﬁ c purpose to be expended at a future date (p. 465)

question

underemployed

answer

n. people employed part-time who want to work full-time, or those who work at a job below their skill level (p. 383)

question

underground economy

answer

n. market activities that go unreported because they are illegal or because those involved want to avoid taxation (p. 354)

question

underutilization

answer

n. the condition in which economic resources are not being used to their full potential, resulting in fewer goods and services (p. 20)

question

unemployment rate

answer

n. the percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively looking for work (p. 382)

question

union shop

answer

n. a business in which workers are required to join a union within a set time period after being hired (p. 279)

question

unit elastic

answer

adj. relating to a situation in which the percentage change in price and quantity demanded are the same (p. 118)

question

unlimited liability

answer

n. a situation in which a business owner is responsible for all the losses and debts of a business (p. 228)

question

unlimited life

answer

n. a situation in which a corporation continues to exist even after a change in ownership (p. 240)

question

user fee

answer

n. money charged for the use of a good or service (p. 425)

question

utility

answer

n. the beneﬁ t or satisfaction gained from using a good or service (p. 12)

question

variable costs

answer

n. business costs that vary with the level of production output (p. 140)

question

vertical merger

answer

n. the combining of two or more businesses involved in different steps of producing or marketing a product or service (p. 243)

question

voluntary exchange

answer

n. a trade in which the parties involved anticipate that the beneﬁts will outweigh the cost (p. 49)

question

voluntary export restraint (VER)

answer

n. a self-imposed limit on exports to certain countries to avoid quotas or tariffs (p. 521)

question

wage and price controls

answer

n. government limits on increases in wages and prices (p. 501)

question

wage-price spiral

answer

n. a cycle that begins with increased wages, which lead to higher production costs, which in turn result in higher prices, which result in demands for even higher wages (p. 400)

question

wage rate

answer

n. the established rate of pay for a speciﬁc job or work performed (p. 261)

question

wages

answer

n. the payments workers receive in return for work (p. 258)

question

wants

answer

n. desires that can be satisﬁ ed by consuming a good or service (p. 4)

question

welfare

answer

n. government economic and social programs that provide assistance to the needy (p. 392)

question

withholding

answer

n. the money taken from a worker's pay before the worker receives the pay (p. 421)

question

workfare

answer

n. a program that requires welfare recipients to do some kind of work in return for their beneﬁts (p. 393)

question

World Bank

answer

n. a ﬁnancial institution that provides loans, policy advice, and technical assistance to low and middle income countries to reduce poverty (p. 559)

question

World Trade Organization (WTO)

answer

n. an organization that negotiates and administers trade agreements, resolves trade disputes, monitors trading policies, and supports developing countries (p. 535)

question

yield

answer

n. the annual rate of return on a bond (p. 338)

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