Test 3 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| taxonomy |
answer
| the science of classifying organisms using binomial nomenclature system |
question
| phylogeny |
answer
| the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms. expanded taxonomy. |
question
| phylogenetics |
answer
| grouping organisms according to common properties. implies that a group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor. |
question
| used to construct ancestor trees |
answer
| anatomy, fossils, rRNA |
question
| rRNA |
answer
| used because universal nucleic acid and means it arose very early in life and passed to every organism: evolutionary reasons |
question
| three-domain system |
answer
| bacteria, archaea, eukarya. always changing with new technology and knowledge gained. |
question
| taxonomic hierarchy |
answer
| artificial system that is man made. similar things are grouped together |
question
| eukaryotic definition of a species |
answer
| a group of organisms that has the potential to breed. based on sexual reproduction. |
question
| prokaryotic definition of a species |
answer
| populations that have similar characteristics. |
question
| culture |
answer
| grown in laboratory media |
question
| clone |
answer
| population of cells derived from a single cell. think streaking for isolation. |
question
| strain |
answer
| genetically different cells within a clone. still considered same species. identified with numbers, letters, or names. |
question
| all closely related strains constitute |
answer
| a bacterial species |
question
| animalia |
answer
| multicellular, no cell walls, chemoheterotrophic |
question
| plantae |
answer
| multicellular, cellulose cell walls, usually photoautotrophic |
question
| fungi |
answer
| chemoheterotrophic, unicellular or multicellular, cell walls of chitin, develop from spores or hyphal fragments |
question
| protista |
answer
| a catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms. grouped into clades based on rRNA. |
question
| 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes |
answer
| animalia, plantae, fungi, protista |
question
| viral species |
answer
| population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche. |
question
| viral species need |
answer
| cells to complete their life cycles. |
question
| viral species classified by |
answer
| similarities of infecting same type of organisms |
question
| classification |
answer
| putting organisms into groups that have closely related species. lists of characteristics of known organisms. |
question
| identification |
answer
| matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known organisms. can identify without knowing classification. |
question
| references used |
answer
| ID: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (what we use) Classify: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (5 volume, expensive) |
question
| morphological characteristics |
answer
| useful for identifying eukaryotes. only get you so far with prokaryotes. |
question
| differential staining |
answer
| gram staining, acid-fast staining |
question
| biochemical tests |
answer
| determines presence or absence of bacterial enyzmes. ex: use lactose? metabolize citrate? |
question
| dicotimist key |
answer
| start with general questions then follow arrow/answer to the question until you reach the bottom |
question
| enteroe tube |
answer
| rapid ID method, results 4-24 hours, easy to read, ID card/matrix. 15 different tests at one time. |
question
| serology |
answer
| the reactions of microorganisms with specific antibodies. Western blot, Southern blot, Northern blot, etc. |
question
| Lyme disease test |
answer
| only can tell using serology test |
question
| flow cytometry |
answer
| uses differences in electrical conductivity between species. ID method. At end of flow has laser, electrode, etc. with a charge. |
question
| genetics ID method |
answer
| DNA base composition, DNA fingerprinting, rRNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PMR) |
question
| DNA base composition |
answer
| guanine and cytosine content percentage |
question
| DNA fingerprinting |
answer
| electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests. chop up DNA> |
question
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
answer
| amplifying DNA |
question
| nucleic acid hybridization |
answer
| based on complimentary based pairing. DNA's ability to hybridize with itself or another organism. |
question
| complete nucleic acid hybridization |
answer
| organisms are identical |
question
| partial nucleic acid hybridization |
answer
| organisms are related, but not the exact same |
question
| none nucleic acid hybridization |
answer
| organisms not related at all |
question
| DNA chip technology |
answer
| aka microarray, spots have single stranded DNA. 6 squares with 100 spots in each square. hybridizing dna colors (in hybridization %): red=no green=100% |
question
| chemoheterotrophic |
answer
| eat things, don't produce their own food |
question
| viruses DNA/RNA |
answer
| one of them, never both |
question
| viruses characteristics |
answer
| hijack cell "pirates", have protein coat and can be surrounded by envelope |
question
| virsuses enzymes |
answer
| have few or none of their own |
question
| medical idea of viruses |
answer
| simple life forms |
question
| scientific idea of viruses |
answer
| extremely complex aggregates |
question
| viruses size |
answer
| very small, can't see with light microscope, 20-1,000 nanometers in length |
question
| viruses protein coat |
answer
| can be proteins, lipids, carbs |
question
| virion |
answer
| completely assembeled viral particle |
question
| virion spike structure |
answer
| describes/distinguishes the virus from others |
question
| capsomere |
answer
| individual protein |
question
| capsid |
answer
| protein coat |
question
| virion structure possibilities |
answer
| polyhedral, helical, enveloped, complex |
question
| polyhedral virus |
answer
| geometric shape that forms icosahedron (20-sided) common in cold and polio |
question
| helical virus |
answer
| long rod with hollow capsids. ebola virus and rabies |
question
| enveloped virus |
answer
| helical or polyhedral in nature, highly pleomorphic, spikes |
question
| complex virus |
answer
| polyhedral head and helical tail, bacteriophages, recognize bacteria by leg/tail fibers |
question
| classification of viruses is based on |
answer
| type of nucleic acid, strategy for replication, morphology |
question
| viral species |
answer
| a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host) |
question
| virus type of nucleic acid |
answer
| 1. single stranded DNA 2. double stranded DNA 3. single stranded RNA (sense or missense) 4. double stranded RNA 5. reverse stranscript RNA |
question
| virus strategy for replication |
answer
| how to infect and replicate host |
question
| growing viruses |
answer
| difficult because need host. bacteriophages are easiest to grow. |
question
| HeLa cells |
answer
| immortalized cells. reproduce over and over and don't die out because has tolamerase which repairs telomeres. |
question
| Henrietta Lacks |
answer
| cells were taken out of her without her knowledge at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1940's. Now HeLa cells. Ethical issues. |
question
| benefits of HeLa cells |
answer
| soooo many medical advances. polio, genome mapping, etc. |
question
| two mechanisms for viral multiplication |
answer
| lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle |
question
| lytic cycle |
answer
| phage causes lysis and death of host cell |
question
| lysogenic cycle |
answer
| prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA. phase conversion. specialized transduction. |
question
| steps of lytic cycle |
answer
| 1. attachment 2. penetration 3. biosynthesis 4. maturation 5. release |
question
| lytic cycle-attachment |
answer
| phage attaches to the cell |
question
| lytic cycle-penetration |
answer
| sheath contracts and injects intertube of sheath into the cell wall. cell membrane and cytoplasm-nucleic acid released into the cell |
question
| lytic cycle-biosynthesis |
answer
| genetic material is beginning to be transcribed, translated, and replicated to make more particles |
question
| lytic cycle-maturation |
answer
| produced components assemble-DNA and capsids come together |
question
| lytic cycle-release |
answer
| cell is producing lysosyme-bursts open-goes and infects other cells |
question
| reasons for lysogenic cycle |
answer
| genes are selfish maybe?? provides genetic diversity, makes more hosts/not killing host so still surviving. |
question
| results of lysogenic cycle |
answer
| cells immune to further infection, phage conersion, makes specialized transduction possible |
question
| bacteria replication during lysogenic cycle |
answer
| normal |
question
| phage conversion |
answer
| prophage incorporated in chromosome and can change behavior of that bacteria. changes with prophage DNA incorporated in chromosome. |
question
| consequences of lysogenic cycle |
answer
| normally harmless bacteria turns harmful. diphtheria, cholera, dysentery, scarlet fever. |
question
| specialized transduction |
answer
| specific bacterial genes are transferred from one bacteria to another. use to manipulate genome of cells. |
question
| specializied transduction seen in |
answer
| antibiotic resistance |
question
| acute viral infections |
answer
| right after infection ex: influenza |
question
| latent viral infections |
answer
| remains dormany days, months, years ex: herpes, cold sores, etc. |
question
| persistent viral infections |
answer
| progresses slowly over a long period of time, can be fatal ex: HIV |
question
| acute and persistent viral infections |
answer
| can have ex: mono, chicken pox to shingles |
question
| prions |
answer
| proteinaceous infectious particle. infectious proteins. proteins that are misfolded |
question
| prions discovered |
answer
| in the 1980s |
question
| prions inherited and transmissible by |
answer
| ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments |
question
| pathogens |
answer
| directly to humans from water |
question
| microbial water pollution |
answer
| some pathogens are transmitted to humans in drinking and recreational water. fecal-oral route in poor countries. |
question
| percolation process |
answer
| filters out pathogens from water |
question
| people who are infected by water pollution |
answer
| in US 900,000. worldwide 1.6-2 million. mostly in children due to lack of immune system. |
question
| typhoid fever |
answer
| fever, neuropsychological. spaced out, feverish |
question
| cholera |
answer
| watery diarrhea and vomiting=dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
question
| salmonellosis |
answer
| fever, vomitting, cramps, diarrhea, 4-7 days |
question
| poliomyelitis |
answer
| can cause paralysis |
question
| dysentery |
answer
| bloody, mucousy diarrhea, fever, pain 2-4 weeks |
question
| giardiasis |
answer
| streams, from animal feces, cysts in digestive tracts, environmentally resistant. |
question
| mercury from paper mills |
answer
| turns into methylmercury which goes into plankton and goes through the food chain |
question
| mercury accumulates in |
answer
| fish due to the plankton they eat then we eat the fish |
question
| bioaccumulation |
answer
| chemical water pollution |
question
| get rid of chemical pollutants |
answer
| NO! there are no biological mechanisms to do so |
question
| DDT pesticide |
answer
| found in birds that eat fish. makes birds shells become brittle |
question
| eutrophication |
answer
| nutrients enter into bodies of waters to help plants grow better, but do it excessively. Causes algal blooms. |
question
| red tide |
answer
| eutrophication in the ocean. eat shellfish in red tide you will get sick |
question
| algal blooms |
answer
| block out sunlight to plants on bottom of body of water and plants die. water is turbid and produce toxins |
question
| feedback system in eutrophication |
answer
| large amounts of organic matter put in system causing this |
question
| water in poor countries |
answer
| get water from where it is available. same watering hole that cows use |
question
| water in industrialized countries |
answer
| have actual water treatment system. water treatment plants, water towers, etc. |
question
| water tower |
answer
| just to maintain pressure in the system |
question
| municipal water purification treatment |
answer
| how water is purified in industrialized countries. flocculant tank, particulate, chlorine, etc. |
question
| flocculant tank |
answer
| chemicals added (ex: allum) has coagulation effect so more particulate matter falls out |
question
| particulate |
answer
| rocks on top of sand to simulate natural cycle. water drawn out of bottom |
question
| primary treatment sewage treatment |
answer
| removal of solids, disinfection. physical way, sediment falls out about 25-35% of solid matter (sludge) |
question
| secondary treatment sewage treatment |
answer
| removal of much of the BOD, disinfection, water can be used for irrigation. biological, trickling filter (sand) or activated sludge system (organic digested out) |
question
| tertiary treatment |
answer
| removal of remaining BOD, N, and P, disinfection, water is drinkable |
question
| secondary excess sludge |
answer
| sent to anaerobic sludge digester to pay for part of the power bill at the plant |
question
| tertiary sewage treatment |
answer
| very expensive, not really used. uses filtration through sand and activated charcoal and chemical precipitation. |
question
| secondary effluent contains |
answer
| residual BOD, 50% of the original nitrogen, 70% of the original phosphorus. |
question
| phosphorus gets into system |
answer
| through detergents and can lead to eutrophication |
question
| septic tanks |
answer
| works more like a natural system similar to a marsh. leaches out into the grass and sludge most be removed occasionally. |
question
| historically food storage was |
answer
| drying out, osmotic pressure (salt, sugar, smoke), fermentation (increase acid level of certain foods) |
question
| modern world food storage |
answer
| industrial food canning |
question
| how to can food |
answer
| put hot food into can and put into retort to seal can. don't store in high temps |
question
| retort |
answer
| pressure cooker/autoclave around 121 degrees with 15 psi. to destroy c. botulinum |
question
| if can isn't sealed perfectly |
answer
| when the vacuum effect takes place, it will suck in bacteria before getting sealed up |
question
| canning acidic food |
answer
| usually safe because of the acid |
question
| aseptic packaging |
answer
| presterilized materials assembled into packages and aseptically filled with heat-sterilized liquid foods. |
question
| ionizing radiation |
answer
| xray, cesium/cobalt source. misconceptions by public, does not radiate food. |
question
| cesium/cobalt source |
answer
| dangerous way. takes a long time and exposed to source for a couple hours. |
question
| xray |
answer
| uses high energy beam. deep penetration so can stack and send crates through |
question
| making cheese |
answer
| use bacteria to produce lactic acid and proteins coagulate causing cheese. does not need to be sterilized. |
question
| rennin |
answer
| from stomach of animals to help coagulate cheese |
question
| flavor cheese |
answer
| BACTERIA!!! helps to flavor and ripen |
question
| "young" cheese |
answer
| less bacteria |
question
| "old" cheese |
answer
| more bacteria |
question
| other food made by bacteria |
answer
| butter milk, yogurt, sour cream |
question
| biotechnology |
answer
| use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product. classical: fermentation. recombinant dna. bloomed over past 20 years. |
question
| bacteria helps to make |
answer
| amino acids, citric acid, vitamins, antibiotics, steroid |
question
| continuous in bioreactor |
answer
| inflow of fresh culture and outflow of bacteria |
question
| bioreactor |
answer
| used for large fermentatino DNA |
question
| bioconversion |
answer
| organic mass turned into biofuel |
question
| steps of bioconversion |
answer
| collect methane from land fill to microturbines to burned and produce energy |
question
| biofuels |
answer
| bacteria creates. cellulose digested by cellulase. sugars fermented to ethanol or higher alcohols or hydrogen. |
question
| algal oils |
answer
| algae produces own oil which is turned into biodiesel |
