Test #2 MQ – Flashcards

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The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that...
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Without social experience, a child is not able to act or communicate in a meaningful way
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what concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
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socialization
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what concept refers to a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling?
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personality
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the social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that
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as humans, to nurture is our nature
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which theory, developed by the psychologiest John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?
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behaviorism
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the Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that
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monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to their group
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if you were to summarize the lesson learned form the case of Anna, you would correctly conclude that
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social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality
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in Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drive?
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ego
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In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?
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superego
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Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that..
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All of these responses are correct
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Jean Piaget's focus was on..
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cognition, or how people think and understand
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The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was
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moral and reasoning
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Carol Gilligan set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys. Her research showed that..
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girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards
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George Herbert Mead considered the self to be
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the part of an individuals personality that is composed of self awareness and self image
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mead placed the origin of the self on
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social experience
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according to Mead, social experience involves
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the exchange of symbols
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by "taking the role of the other" Mead had in mind
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imagining a situation from another persons point of view
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when cooler used the concept of the "looking glass self" he claimed that
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people see themselves as they think others see them
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according to Mead, children learn to take on the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as..
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significant others
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In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?
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Imitation, play, game, generalized other
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Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to
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widespread cultural norms and values used in evaluating ourselves
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Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization
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personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages
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Family is important to the socialization process because
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all of these responses are correct
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thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stess _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____
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obedience, creativity
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On the basis of Melvin Kohn's study of what parents expect of their children, high income parents are likely to be most concerned when their child
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needs to be told what he should draw during free art time
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one contribution of schooling ot the socialization process that teaches about rules and schedules is..
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exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting
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the special importance of the peer group is the fact that it..
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lets children escape the direct supervision of parents
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when people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process sociologists call..
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anticipatory socialization
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which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct?
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staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates
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looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that
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rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies
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based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion?
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there are cultural inconsistencies in this stage when people are no longer children but not yet adults
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the period of life called "middle adulthood" typically involves
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all of these responses are correct
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which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment?
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a total institution
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based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that
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while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction
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Harold and Sybil get lost while driving to another couple's home in an unfamiliar area. Sybil wants Harold to stop and ask for directions, but he will not. This story illustrates the pattern that
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men avoid asking for directions because they want to keep a sense of control.
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The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called
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social interaction
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Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds?
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status
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At any given time you hold a number of statuses. These statuses make up your
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status set.
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When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background,
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what is funny to people in one society may not be funny to those from another society.
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Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
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master status
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Julie is a police officer who finds that wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a "cop." Julie is experiencing the effects of which of the following?
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master status
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Akbar is an honor student. In sociological terms, being an honor student is an example of which of the following?
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achieved status
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Which item in the following list might serve as a master status?
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All of these responses are correct
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Sociologists use what concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status?
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role
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Looking at humor from a functional viewpoint, jokes
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All of these responses are correct.
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Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing
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role conflict.
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Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidante to the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers' performances?
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role strain
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Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?
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social construction of reality
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Flirting is a playful way of seeing if someone is interested in you without risking outright rejection. From this point of view, flirting illustrates
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the social construction of reality.
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Which of the following likely plays a part in the reality we construct through social interaction?
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All of these responses are correct.
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Garfinkel's research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves
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studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
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The English language often treats whatever has greater value, force, or significance as
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masculine.
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What does the term "presentation of self" mean?
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efforts to create impressions in the minds of others
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The power relationship between a physician and patient is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor's office because
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patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region."
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Which of the following is an important element of nonverbal communication?
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All of these responses are correct.
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The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because
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nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control.
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"Personal space" refers to
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the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy.
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Most women take the family name of a man they marry. In sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey
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power over others.
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Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of
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idealizing a personal performance.
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Tact is a common response in potentially embarrassing situations because
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everyone feels discomfort when a constructed reality breaks down.
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Based on research around the world, Paul Ekman concludes that people everywhere express how many basic emotions?
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six
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Ekman claims that a major function of emotions is to
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support group life by building connections with others.
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Cultures differ in terms of
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All of these responses are correct
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Arlie Russell Hochschild explains that companies typically
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try to control the emotions of workers.
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In the "iron law of oligarchy," Robert Michels stated that bureaucracy always means
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the few rule the many.
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Read the four statements below. Which of them is NOT evidence of the process called the "McDonaldization" of society?
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Many new jobs demand creativity and imagination.
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What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?
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a social group
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What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"?
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a category
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A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a
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crowd.
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Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a
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crowd.
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Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"?
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All of these responses are correct.
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Which of the following is every society's MOST important primary group?
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the family
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A secondary group is a social group that
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is impersonal and engages in some specific activity.
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Read the list of traits below. Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?
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members have a personal orientation
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In general, we see _______ as a means to an end; we see _____ as an end in itself.
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a secondary group; a primary group
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What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?
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instrumental leadership
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Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?
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expressive leadership
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You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with the group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have?
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an instrumental leader
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In your group, the leader is skilled at using humor to reduce tension and lighten serious moments. Which type of leader does your group have?
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an expressive leader
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Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told?
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authoritarian leadership
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Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?
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democratic leader
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What type of leaders downplay their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own?
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laissez-faire leaders
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Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that
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group membership has the power to generate conformity.
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Here are four statements describing group dynamics. Which of them is NOT an expression of groupthink?
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The group seeks diverse members and ends up being unable to reach a consensus.
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Which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty?
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an in-group
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A social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition is which of the following?
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an out-group
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Which of the following is typically true of a social network?
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Networks are "fuzzy" groups made up of people we "know of" rather than those we know well.
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Formal organizations are
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large secondary groups with a goal orientation.
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Which type of formal organization do people join in order to obtain money and other material benefits?
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utilitarian organization
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Assume you are a parent of a child in school. From your point of view, what type of organization is a school's parent-teacher association (PTA)?
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a normative organization
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Max Weber noted many traits of bureaucracy. Which of the following list is NOT one of them?
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favoring family members over strangers
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Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger?
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Organizations create alienation.
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What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?
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bureaucratic ritualism
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The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic
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ritualism.
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Which of these concepts was used by Robert Michels to refer to the rule of the many by the few?
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oligarchy
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The basic idea behind scientific management is that
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applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient.
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According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a "female advantage"?
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All of these responses are correct.
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Think about the process of McDonaldization. Looking at the list below, which one of the traits is NOT linked to McDonaldization?
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creativity
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