question

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that...

answer

Without social experience, a child is not able to act or communicate in a meaningful way

question

what concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

answer

socialization

question

what concept refers to a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling?

answer

personality

question

the social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that

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as humans, to nurture is our nature

question

which theory, developed by the psychologiest John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

answer

behaviorism

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the Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that

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monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to their group

question

if you were to summarize the lesson learned form the case of Anna, you would correctly conclude that

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social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality

question

in Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drive?

answer

ego

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In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

answer

superego

question

Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that..

answer

All of these responses are correct

question

Jean Piaget's focus was on..

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cognition, or how people think and understand

question

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was

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moral and reasoning

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Carol Gilligan set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys. Her research showed that..

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girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards

question

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be

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the part of an individuals personality that is composed of self awareness and self image

question

mead placed the origin of the self on

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social experience

question

according to Mead, social experience involves

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the exchange of symbols

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by "taking the role of the other" Mead had in mind

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imagining a situation from another persons point of view

question

when cooler used the concept of the "looking glass self" he claimed that

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people see themselves as they think others see them

question

according to Mead, children learn to take on the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as..

answer

significant others

question

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?

answer

Imitation, play, game, generalized other

question

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to

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widespread cultural norms and values used in evaluating ourselves

question

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization

answer

personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages

question

Family is important to the socialization process because

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all of these responses are correct

question

thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stess _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____

answer

obedience, creativity

question

On the basis of Melvin Kohn's study of what parents expect of their children, high income parents are likely to be most concerned when their child

answer

needs to be told what he should draw during free art time

question

one contribution of schooling ot the socialization process that teaches about rules and schedules is..

answer

exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting

question

the special importance of the peer group is the fact that it..

answer

lets children escape the direct supervision of parents

question

when people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process sociologists call..

answer

anticipatory socialization

question

which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct?

answer

staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates

question

looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that

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rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies

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based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion?

answer

there are cultural inconsistencies in this stage when people are no longer children but not yet adults

question

the period of life called "middle adulthood" typically involves

answer

all of these responses are correct

question

which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment?

answer

a total institution

question

based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that

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while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction

question

Harold and Sybil get lost while driving to another couple's home in an unfamiliar area. Sybil wants Harold to stop and ask for directions, but he will not. This story illustrates the pattern that

answer

men avoid asking for directions because they want to keep a sense of control.

question

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called

answer

social interaction

question

Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds?

answer

status

question

At any given time you hold a number of statuses. These statuses make up your

answer

status set.

question

When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background,

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what is funny to people in one society may not be funny to those from another society.

question

Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

answer

master status

question

Julie is a police officer who finds that wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a "cop." Julie is experiencing the effects of which of the following?

answer

master status

question

Akbar is an honor student. In sociological terms, being an honor student is an example of which of the following?

answer

achieved status

question

Which item in the following list might serve as a master status?

answer

All of these responses are correct

question

Sociologists use what concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status?

answer

role

question

Looking at humor from a functional viewpoint, jokes

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing

answer

role conflict.

question

Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wants to be a good friend and confidante to the workers, but must remain distant in order to rate the workers' performances?

answer

role strain

question

Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?

answer

social construction of reality

question

Flirting is a playful way of seeing if someone is interested in you without risking outright rejection. From this point of view, flirting illustrates

answer

the social construction of reality.

question

Which of the following likely plays a part in the reality we construct through social interaction?

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

Garfinkel's research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves

answer

studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.

question

The English language often treats whatever has greater value, force, or significance as

answer

masculine.

question

What does the term "presentation of self" mean?

answer

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

question

The power relationship between a physician and patient is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor's office because

answer

patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region."

question

Which of the following is an important element of nonverbal communication?

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because

answer

nonverbal communication is hard for most people to control.

question

"Personal space" refers to

answer

the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy.

question

Most women take the family name of a man they marry. In sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey

answer

power over others.

question

Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of

answer

idealizing a personal performance.

question

Tact is a common response in potentially embarrassing situations because

answer

everyone feels discomfort when a constructed reality breaks down.

question

Based on research around the world, Paul Ekman concludes that people everywhere express how many basic emotions?

answer

six

question

Ekman claims that a major function of emotions is to

answer

support group life by building connections with others.

question

Cultures differ in terms of

answer

All of these responses are correct

question

Arlie Russell Hochschild explains that companies typically

answer

try to control the emotions of workers.

question

In the "iron law of oligarchy," Robert Michels stated that bureaucracy always means

answer

the few rule the many.

question

Read the four statements below. Which of them is NOT evidence of the process called the "McDonaldization" of society?

answer

Many new jobs demand creativity and imagination.

question

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

answer

a social group

question

What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"?

answer

a category

question

A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a

answer

crowd.

question

Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a

answer

crowd.

question

Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"?

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

Which of the following is every society's MOST important primary group?

answer

the family

question

A secondary group is a social group that

answer

is impersonal and engages in some specific activity.

question

Read the list of traits below. Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?

answer

members have a personal orientation

question

In general, we see _______ as a means to an end; we see _____ as an end in itself.

answer

a secondary group; a primary group

question

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

answer

instrumental leadership

question

Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?

answer

expressive leadership

question

You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with the group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have?

answer

an instrumental leader

question

In your group, the leader is skilled at using humor to reduce tension and lighten serious moments. Which type of leader does your group have?

answer

an expressive leader

question

Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told?

answer

authoritarian leadership

question

Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?

answer

democratic leader

question

What type of leaders downplay their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own?

answer

laissez-faire leaders

question

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that

answer

group membership has the power to generate conformity.

question

Here are four statements describing group dynamics. Which of them is NOT an expression of groupthink?

answer

The group seeks diverse members and ends up being unable to reach a consensus.

question

Which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty?

answer

an in-group

question

A social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition is which of the following?

answer

an out-group

question

Which of the following is typically true of a social network?

answer

Networks are "fuzzy" groups made up of people we "know of" rather than those we know well.

question

Formal organizations are

answer

large secondary groups with a goal orientation.

question

Which type of formal organization do people join in order to obtain money and other material benefits?

answer

utilitarian organization

question

Assume you are a parent of a child in school. From your point of view, what type of organization is a school's parent-teacher association (PTA)?

answer

a normative organization

question

Max Weber noted many traits of bureaucracy. Which of the following list is NOT one of them?

answer

favoring family members over strangers

question

Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger?

answer

Organizations create alienation.

question

What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?

answer

bureaucratic ritualism

question

The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic

answer

ritualism.

question

Which of these concepts was used by Robert Michels to refer to the rule of the many by the few?

answer

oligarchy

question

The basic idea behind scientific management is that

answer

applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient.

question

According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a "female advantage"?

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

Think about the process of McDonaldization. Looking at the list below, which one of the traits is NOT linked to McDonaldization?

answer

creativity

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