question

____ is the sum of all chemical reactions within an organism

answer

metabolism

question

all of the decomposition reactions in an organism are called ____

answer

catabolism

question

____ is the sum of all synthesis reactions in an organism

answer

anabolism

question

____ are exothermic

answer

catabolism reactions

question

___ are endothermic

answer

anabolism reactions

question

___ is the ability to do work

answer

energy

question

metabolism deals a lot with ___ and ___ energy

answer

potential and chemical

question

first law of thermodynamics

answer

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form

question

second law of thermodynamics

answer

every time energy changes form, there is an increase in entropy

question

___ measures the amount of energy that is no longer useable or available to do work

answer

entropy

question

___ is an example of unusable energy

answer

heat

question

the amount of energy required to form a bond is the _____ when the bond is broken

answer

same amount of energy (less what is lost as heat) released

question

forming a bond, energy is ___

answer

absorbed

question

breaking a bond, energy is ___

answer

released

question

___: universal energy currency unit molecule of all living things

answer

ATP

question

Catabolism and anabolism are linked through energy that occurs between them, and that linking energy is ___

answer

ATP

question

the structure of ATP is a ___ in the nucleic acids

answer

single repeating unit

question

the structure of ATP is ___ groups, bonded to a ___, bonded to a ___

answer

three phosphate groups, sugar, base

question

___ happens when a phosphate group is lost

answer

dephosphorylation

question

___ happens when a phosphate group is gained

answer

phosphorylation

question

the dephosphorylation of ATP leads to ___

answer

ADP

question

the phosphorylation of ADP leads to ___

answer

ATP

question

___ occurs when your body runs out of ATP

answer

death

question

thermodynamics tells us what can and cannot happen, but says nothing about the ___ of a reaction.

answer

speed

question

a reaction can be broken up into ___ and ___ reactions

answer

spontaneous; instantaneous

question

___ reactions occur without the additional input of energy into the reaction

answer

spontaneous

question

a spontaneous reaction can occur ___ and doesn't require ___

answer

slowly; energy

question

a ___ reaction requires energy

answer

instantaneous

question

an instantaneous reaction is an ___ reaction because energy must be put into the reaction

answer

anabolic

question

any reaction that has a negative delta G is ___

answer

catabolic

question

Catabolic=___=___=____

answer

energy released, -delta G, spontaneous

question

anabolic=___=___=____

answer

energy required, +delta G, non-spontaneous

question

____: a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

answer

catalyst

question

with the use of a catalyst, the ___ doesn't change, just the ___ at which it occurs

answer

overall chemistry of the action; rate

question

___ cannot be used to speed up reactions in our body because our proteins will denature

answer

heat

question

biological catalysts are called ____

answer

enzymes

question

these enzymes are mostly ____

answer

proteins

question

each enzyme is ___ and will only catalyze ___ reaction

answer

specific; one

question

enzyme specificity is based on the ___ of the protein

answer

3D shape

question

within the 3D shape of the protein is a pocket/groove, which is the ____.

answer

active site

question

only the ____ enzyme will be able to bind to the active site

answer

correct shaped

question

only the ___ of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate

answer

restricted region

question

the substrate has to twist and wiggle to get into the active site, so it's not quite like a perfect lock and key. This is called an ____.

answer

induced fit

question

Once properly bound to the active site, the ____ can occur

answer

reaction

question

a ___ is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts

answer

substrate

question

The binding of the substrate to the active site is ____

answer

reversible

question

the substrate is put into an environment that makes the reaction _____

answer

more likely to occur

question

give and explain the mechanism of enzymatic action

answer

E+SES->P+E; enzyme plus substrate goes to enzyme-substrate complex which produces a product and the enzyme unchanged. The enzyme can then repeat the process again and again

question

___ blocks the active site

answer

competitive inhibition

question

in competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzymes ____

answer

active site

question

in competitive inhibition, the inhibitor is similar enough to the ___ to fit in the active site, but different enough in ___ that the enzyme is unable to break through it.

answer

substrate; structure

question

____ causes a change in the shape of the active site

answer

non-competitive inhibition

question

in noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the ___ site

answer

allosteric

question

in noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor does not have to be similar to the ____.

answer

substrate

question

to overcome noncompetitive inhibition, you must ____

answer

get rid of the inhibitor

question

factor affecting the enzyme activity

answer

inhibitors, pH, temperature, substrate/enzyme concentration, salt concentration

question

cells will shrivel in ___ solutions

answer

hypertonic

question

cells will explode in ___ solutions

answer

hypotonic

question

____ are non-protein components of an enzyme that are required for an enzyme to biologically activate

answer

co-enzymes/co-factors

question

typically enzymes require a ___ to be biologically active

answer

metal group

question

enzymes work best under ___ conditions

answer

ideal

question

The rate of the reaction ____ as you increase the substrate

answer

increases

question

if you increase enzymes then you _____

answer

increase activity, but then it slows/stops because once the enzyme has used up all the substrate then it stops working.

question

an enzyme does not necessarily change ___, rather contributes to make the illusion of change

answer

activation energy

question

within activation site, a ___ is made to accommodate an R group without affecting the rest of the cell

answer

localized environment (acidic/basic or polar/nonpolar)

question

an enzyme can also cause ____ in a molecule to change activation energy

answer

stress on key bonds

question

A reaction with a negative delta G value is ___

answer

catabolic

question

Unlike anabolic reactions, catabolic reactions don't need activation energy. True/False?

answer

False

question

___ is used an an energy shuttle between catabolic and anabolic reactions

answer

ATP

question

____: the switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end product, which acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway

answer

feedback inhibition

question

____ moves energy through pathways

answer

oxidation-reduction reactions

question

when you take ___ away, you take away energy as well

answer

electrons

question

we can move energy by moving electrons through the pathway using ____

answer

oxidation-reduction reactions

question

oxidation is ___ of electrons

answer

loss

question

Reduction is ___ of electrons

answer

gain

question

NAD+ is reduced to ____

answer

NADH

question

FAD is reduced to ___

answer

FADH2

question

when reduced you gain ___, ___, and the ___ associated with those electrons

answer

electrons, hydrogen's, energy

question

entropy is a measure of how much useful work an energy conversion could perform. True/False?

answer

False (Entropy is not available to do useful work)

question

____: the goal is to provide the cell with utilizable sources of energy and biosynthetic precursors

answer

carbohydrate metabolism

question

carbohydrate ___ includes aerobic respiration

answer

catabolism

question

give the chemical formula for aerobic respiration

answer

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E

question

three main steps in aerobic respiration

answer

glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

question

Glycolysis takes place in the ____

answer

cytosol of the cell

question

glycolysis takes the 6 carbon glucose molecule and ___. Each glucose molecule yields ___, ___, and ____. The ___ molecules are reduced to the form of ___

answer

breaks it in half; 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP (net yield), 2 NADH molecules; NADH; NADH+

question

The Krebs cycle take place in the ____ of eukaryotic cells

answer

inner matrix (membrane) of the mitochondria

question

The Krebs Cycle takes place in the ___ in prokaryotic Cells.

answer

cytosol

question

The Krebs cycle is a series of _____ reactions

answer

oxidation-reduction

question

glucose has to be released in ___ or else there will be a large amount of energy released and the body won't be able to use it.

answer

many steps

question

during glycolysis, glucose is being ___ in the reaction

answer

oxidized

question

what 3 things are put into glycolysis

answer

2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD +

question

what 4 things are output by glycolysis

answer

2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates (2X3 Carbon)

question

what happens between glycolysis and Kreb's cycle

answer

each pyruvate (2x3 carbon) is modified to Acetyl CoA (2x2 carbon). 2 NAD+ are put in, and 2 NADH are put out. CO2 is also released.

question

what three things are put into the Kreb's cycle

answer

6 NAD+, 2ADP, 2 FAD

question

what 4 things are output by the Kreb's cycle

answer

6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2

question

what is put into the ETC?

answer

2 NADH from glycolysis, 2 NADH from between glycolysis and Krebs cycle, 6 NADH from Krebs cycle, 2 FADH2 from Kreb's cycle, and 6O2

question

what is output by ETC

answer

10 NAD+, 32/34 ATP, 2 FAD, 6H2O

question

1 NADH = __ ATP
1 FADH2 = ___ATP

answer

3,2

question

total ATP production from glycolysis

answer

8 (6)

question

total ATP production from Krebs cycle

answer

30 ATP

question

total ATP production overall

answer

38 (36) ATPs

question

total ATP production ETC

answer

34 (32) ATPs

question

only ___ exhibit anaerobic respiration

answer

bacteria

question

___ is an anaerobic process but differs a little

answer

fermentation

question

___ is a system where ATP synthesis is coupled to transport hydrogen ions across a membrane.

answer

chemiosmosis

question

bacteria don't have mitochondria so where is the etc located

answer

plasma membrane

question

give the chemical formula for phosphorylation

answer

ADP + P + E -> ATP

question

take a phosphate group from a reactive molecule and attach it directly to ATP = ___. Produces ___

answer

substrate level phosphorylation; 4 ATPs

question

ATPs are made using an ETC = ___ (makes ___)

answer

oxidative phosphorylation (makes more ATP than substrate level phosphorylation)

question

occurs in photosynthesis, use light energy for the energy source for the phosphorylation of the ATPs=___

answer

photophosphorylation

question

___ occurs only in bacteria cells

answer

anaerobic respiration

question

final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration is _____

answer

not O2 but other forms of inorganic oxygen

question

The total ATP yielded in an anaerobic resipiration is ___, but it has ___

answer

lower; a Krebs cycle and an ETC

question

anaerobic respiration produces bi-products that can be ___

answer

toxic

question

___ is an anaerobic process because it doesn't require oxygen in the form of O2

answer

fermentation

question

___ is the first step of fermentation

answer

glycolysis

question

The second stage of fermentation involves the pyruvates being reduced to ____

answer

an organic acid or alcohol and the NADH that were produced in glycolysis are oxidized to 2 NAD+

question

for every glucose molecule that enter fermentation you get ___ ATP molecules

answer

2

question

fermentation does not require ___, and does not have ___ or ___

answer

oxygen; krebs cycle; etc

question

___ is the final electron acceptor in fermentation

answer

organic molecule

question

ATP yield of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation

answer

36/38, 10-26, 2

question

final electron acceptor of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation

answer

oxygen, inorganic oxygen, organic acid/alcohol

question

type of phosphorylation of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation

answer

substrate level and oxidative, substrate level and oxidative, substrate level

question

___ is a nucleic acid

answer

DNA

question

DNA is composed of ___

answer

nucleotides

question

nucleotides contain a ___, which is attached to a ___, and then a ____

answer

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

question

DNA contains the bases ____

answer

adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

question

replication of DNA occurs through ____

answer

semi-conservative replication

question

The two strands of DNA are broken by breaking ____ that hold the bases together, ___ is used to do this.

answer

the hydrogen bonds; helicase

question

the ___ will only synthesize DNA from ___ to ___ on the new strand.

answer

DNA polymerase; 5 prime, 3 prime

question

___ joins two fragments to make one continuous strand.

answer

DNA ligase

question

___ gets the process of DNA replication started

answer

RNA primer

question

DNA polymerase binds to the ____

answer

RNA primer

question

DNA -> ___ -> ___

answer

mRNA, protein

question

in transcription, ___ lines up the nucleotides and joins them together to make a continuous mRNA strand

answer

RNA polymerase

question

translation takes place in the ____

answer

ribosomes

question

mRNA is read in 3 base sequences called ___

answer

codons

question

translation begins when ___

answer

the start codon AUG is reached

question

___: a change in a single base in one codon

answer

point mutation

question

____: happens when there is a change in DNA but no change in the amino acid sequence

answer

silent mutation

question

___: happens when the mutation results in a stop codon being coded; means you will prematurely destroy the protein

answer

nonsense mutation

question

____: a stop codon gets changed into another codon

answer

mis-sense mutation

question

____: all related genes are controlled by a single on/off switch

answer

prokaryotic operon

question

the 3 genes in the lac operon produce proteins ______

answer

necessary to break down lactose

question

lactose is typically _____ genes environment; therefore these genes switch ___ in the presence of lactose

answer

not present in the; on

question

the lac operon is a ___ operon

answer

inducible

question

the genes in the tryp operon produce ____

answer

proteins necessary to make tryptophan

question

tryp operon is normally switched ___; and is switched ___ in the ______

answer

on; off; presence of tryptophan

question

the tryp operon is a ____

answer

respressible operon

question

cells could not continue to perform the ___ in the absence of oxygen

answer

krebs cycle

question

fermentation take place in the ____

answer

cytoplasm

question

____: take carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and use it as their carbon source

answer

autotroph

question

___: require carbon to be in the form of an organic carbon molecule

answer

heterotroph

question

____: receive energy from light

answer

phototroph

question

___: take energy from an organic molecule

answer

chemotroph

question

___: bacteria are getting comfortable with their environment; slope on growth curve is zero

answer

lag phase

question

___: the cells are replicating rapidly, smallest in size, during this time the cells are most susceptible to any drugs because it is when there are the most interactions with the environment

answer

log phase

question

___: replication rate=death rate

answer

stationary phase

question

___: negative slope on growth curve

answer

death phase

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