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electrons

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negatively charged sub-atomic particles found outside the nucleus

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protons

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positively charged sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom

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gain of electrons

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creates negative charged Atoms

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loss of electrons

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creates positive charged Atoms

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ions

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positively and negatively charged atoms

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site where AEROBIC respiration occurs - in a cell

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endoplasmic reticulum - it is also the substance transporter of the cell - and is continuous with the cell membrane

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CELLULAR respiration

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cells obtain energy from carbohydrates when atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose - breaks down food - to form carbon dioxide and water

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Adenosine Triphosphate

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Also called ATP - principal chemical compound that cell uses to store energy

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electrolytes

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a compound that disassociates into positive and negative ions when it dissolves in a solution

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Mucus - not mucous

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protective secretion of the mucous membranes

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suppuration

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the formation of, or discharge of pus

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prefix

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A word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root. The prefix ususally - but not always - indicates location, time, a number, position, direction, or negation.

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combining vowel

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word part usually an o; placed to connect two word roots, to connect a word root and a suffix; NOT placed to connect a prefix and a word root

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syndrome

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collection of signs and symptoms occurring together - that can be observed by the patient and others

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sign

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such as a fever - which provides objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease

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pain

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a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder - observed by the patient only

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diagnosis

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identification of a disease

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atheroma

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fatty deposit or plaque within the arterial wall

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swelling

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one sign of inflammation

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lesion

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a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury

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laceration

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a torn, ragged wound

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myco

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means fungus.

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mycosis

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any disease caused by a fungus

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otomy

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cutting into, or surgical incision

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pyrosis

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also called heartburn

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prostrate

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to collapse

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prostate

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Organ surrounding the urethra at the base of the male urinary bladder

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interstitial

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between, but not within, the parts of a tissue

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euthyroid

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normally functioning thyroid gland

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dysfunctional

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an organ or body part that is not working properly

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appendices

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appendix plural

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inflammation

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localized response to an injury or destruction of tissues

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infection

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the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease

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myelitis

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an inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow

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myel

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bone marrow, spinal cord

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gram

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drawing, writing or record - as in cardiogram

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graphy

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the process of producing a picture or record - as in photography

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glycolysis

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occurs in the cytoplasm, when sugar, or glycose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

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during meiosis

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a cell undergoes a 1st mitosis division, and a second mitosis division - resulting in four daughter cells.

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gametes

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Are haploid cells - such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

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mitosis

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It is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells, conventionally divided into six stages: One. Interphase, Two. Prophase, Three. Metaphase, Four. Anaphase, Five. Telophase, Six. Cytokinasis.

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Mitosis in males

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is specifically called SPERMATOGENESIS, which produces a number of cells called SPERMATOGONIA - from which spermatocytes are derrived

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flagella

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whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

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ribosomes

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organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

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centrioles

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consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope - that play a role in cell division

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mitochondria

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Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, and have their owen DNA. Site of aerobic respiration.

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lysosome

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cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down food materials in the cell.

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chromatin

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contains the genetic code and is stored in the chromosomes, and there are two types

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types of chromatin

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Euchromatin - which is the most abundant and active - and heterochromatin - which is the inactive and, condensed form - also heterochromatin is coiled while euchromatin is not

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nuclear membranes

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outer boundary of nucleus; consist of double membrane containing pores - that allows the movement of substances

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nucleus

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the LARGEST part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction consisting of THREE parts: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromotin CONTAINS PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

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facillitated diffusion

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process that moves materials from high to low concentration with the help of protein channels; this process DOES NOT require (ATP) energy

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passive diffusion

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movement of drug molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - this process DOES NOT require (ATP) energy

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active transport

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the movement of substances across the cell membrane gradient using pumps - this process REQUIRES the use of (ATP) energy

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nuclear membrane

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surrounds the nucleus, and keeps cytoplasm in, provides controls over what goes in and out of the nucleus

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osmotic cell barrier

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process where water equilibriates on both sides of the cell membrane

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Osmosis

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diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

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cytoplasmic membrane

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Membrane surrounding all cells, and composed of a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.

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cytoplasm

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a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended, it contains NO GENETIC MATERIAL

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fats and oils

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Substances that do not dissolve in water, but can dissolve in hydrocarbon liquids. Fats are solid at room temperature; oils are liquid at room temperature.

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proteins

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Molecules made by connecting amino acids via covalent peptide bonds. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes, and function as enzymes, carriers, structrual fibers, cell surface receptors, channels, porters, hormones. Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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amino acids

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any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins

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carbohydrates

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A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

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cell

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collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life, contains fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid

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energy types

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radiant, chemical, nuclear, thermal and electrical, and mechanical - which is THE MOST COMMON, Energy: is the ability to do work or cause a change. The two types are: 1. kinetic - energy of motion 2. potential - stored energy

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Ph levels

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How acidic or basic a solution is. It goes from 0 to 14 and each number = x10,000. pH is the abbreviation for potential hydrogen

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matter

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that which has mass and occupies space

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molecules

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groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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chromosomes

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humans have 46 total - 23 that are paired - chromosomes packages of DNA that code for proteins traits

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Kreb's cycle

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Also known as the CITRIC ACID cycle. It is the second step of cell respiration, which occurs in the mitochondria - breaking down acetyl CoA ("half a sugar") to produce electron carriers, 2 ATP and CO2.

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oogenesis

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the production of mature egg cells, or ova

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interphase

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The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle.

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DNA

answer

de-oxy-ribo-nucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics. The four nitrogen bases in human DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.

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RNA

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ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

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organic

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molecules that contain carbon

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inorganic

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a type of molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen but can contain any other combination of elements

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