question

pulmonary valve stenosis causes:

answer

congenital endocarditis rheumatic fever

question

pulmonary valve stenosis sx:

answer

fainting SOB palpitations cyanosis poor weight gain

question

pulmonary valve stenosis tests:

answer

cardiac cath ECG chest X-ray echocardiogram valvuloplasty

question

pulmonary valve stenosis treatment:

answer

prostaglandins diuretics anti-arrhythmias blood thinners

question

ARDS causes:

answer

low oxygen levels caused by a build up of fluid in the lungs and inflammation of lung tissue trauma chemical inhalation pneumonia septic shock

question

ARDS symptoms:

answer

low BP rapid breathing SOB cyanosis

question

ARDS tests:

answer

ABG CBC cultures chest x-ray echocardiogram auscultation

question

ARDS treatment:

answer

mechanical ventilation treat the underlying condition

question

ARDS monitor patient for:

answer

pulmonary fibrosis multiple system organ failure ventilator associated pneumonia acidosis respiratory failure

question

respiratory acidosis

answer

build up of carbon dioxide in the lungs that causes acid-base imbalances and the body becomes acidic

question

respiratory acidosis causes:

answer

COPD airway obstruction hypoventilation syndrome severe scoliosis severe asthma

question

respiratory acidosis symptoms:

answer

chronic cough wheezing SOB confusion fatigue

question

respiratory acidosis tests:

answer

CAT scan ABG pulmonary function test

question

respiratory acidosis treatment

answer

mechanical ventilation bronchodilators

question

respiratory alkalosis

answer

CO2 levels are reduced and ph is high

question

respiratory alkalosis causes:

answer

anxiety fever hyperventilation

question

respiratory alkalosis symptoms:

answer

dizziness numbness

question

respiratory alkalosis test

answer

ABG chest x-ray pulmonary function tests

question

respiratory alkalosis treatment:

answer

paper bag technique increase carbon dioxide levels

question

RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)

answer

spread by contact, virus can survive for various time periods on different surfaces

question

RSV symptoms

answer

fever SOB cyanosis wheezing nasal congestion croupy cough

question

RSV tests

answer

ABG chest x-ray

question

RSV treatments

answer

ribvirin ventilator in severe cases IV fluids bronchodilators

question

RSV monitor the patient for:

answer

pneumonia respiratory failure otitis media

question

pulmonary actinomycosis

answer

bacteria infection of the lungs caused by propionibacteria or actinomyces

question

pulmonary actinomycosis symptoms:

answer

pleural effusions facial lesions chest pain cough weight loss fever

question

alveolar proteinosis

answer

a build up of a phospholipid in the lungs where carbon dioxide and oxygen are transferred associated with infection genetic disorder 30-50yo

question

alveolar proteinosis symptoms

answer

weight loss fatigue cough fever SOB

question

pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas

answer

congenital defect where lung arteries and veins form improperly and a fistula is formed creating poor oxygenation of blood

question

pulmonary aspergilloma

answer

fungal infection of the lung cavities causing abscesses

question

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

answer

thickening of lung tissue in the lower aspects of the lungs

question

pneumothorax

answer

build up of gas in the pleural cavities

question

arterial system

answer

blood delivered by the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle and then is pumped into the ascending aorta

question

venous systme

answer

return blood originating in the capillaries of peripheral and distal body parts to the heart

question

cardiogenic shock

answer

rapid breathing rapid pulse anxiety nervousness thready pulse mottled skin color profuse sweating poor capillary refill

question

hypovolemic shock

answer

anxiety weakness sweating rapid pulse confusion clammy skin

question

myocarditis

answer

leg edema SOB viral symptoms join pain syncope heart attack (pain) fever unable to lie flat irregular heart beats

question

pericarditis

answer

dry cough pleuritis fever anxiety crackles pleural effusion LE swelling chest pain

question

arteriosclerosis

answer

claudication pain cold feet muscle aches and pain in the legs hair loss on the legs numbness in extremities weak distal pulse

question

heart sounds S1

answer

tricuspid and mitral valve close

question

S2

answer

pulmonary and aortic valve close

question

S3

answer

ventricular filling complete

question

S4

answer

elevated atrial pressure (atrial kick)

question

hypothyroidism

answer

poor production of thyroid hormone constipation weight gain weakness fatigue poor taste hoarse vocal sounds joint pain poor speech color changes depression decreased BP and HR elevated liver enzymes, prolactin and cholesterol decreased T4 and sodium anemia low temp poor reflexes MYXEDEMA if untreated!

question

hyperthyroidism

answer

excessive production of thyroid hormone skin color changes weight loss anxiety possible goiter nausea exophthalmos diarrhea hair loss elevated BP fatigue sweating T3/T4 increased TSH reduced

question

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

answer

excessive production of androgen and low levels of aldosterone and cortisol causes male sex characteristics to be expressed prematurely in boys and found in girls treat: hydrocortisone, dexamethasone

question

Cushing's

answer

abnormal production of ACTH which in turn causes elevated cortisol levels muscle weakness central obesity distribution back pain thirst skin color changes bone and joint pain HTN H/A frequent urination moon face weight gain acne

question

diabetic ketoacidosis

answer

increased levels of ketones due to a lack of glucose insufficient insulin causing ketone production which end up in urine low BP abdominal pain H/A rapid breathing loss of appetite nausea fruit breath smell mental deficits elevated glucose increased amylase and potassium

question

graves' disease

answer

most commonly linked to hyperthyroidism elevated appetite anxiety menstrual changes fatigue poor temp tolerance diplopia exophthalmos tx: prednisone

question

type 1 diabetes

answer

poor insulin production from beta cells of the pancreas excessive levels of glucose in the blood stream that can't be used due to lack of insulin weight loss vomiting nausea abd pain frequent urination elevated thirst

question

type II diabetes

answer

the body doesn't respond appropriately to the insulin that is present. insulin resistance blurred vision fatigue elevated appetite frequent urination thirst

question

gram negative

answer

do not hold color with gram stain

question

meningiomas

answer

outside of arachnoidal tissue usually benign and slow growing

question

tumor effects

answer

headache vomiting seizures neurological problems dementia drowsiness

question

tumor markers

answer

AFP alkaline phosphate B-hCG CA-125 PSA

question

zollinger-ellsion syndrome

answer

tumors of the pancreas that cause upper GI inflammation tumors secrete gastrin causing high levels of stomach acid diarrhea vomiting abdominal pain elevated gastrin levels tx: ranitidine, cimetidine, lansoprazole, omeprazole

question

wilson's disease

answer

high levels of copper in various tissues throughout the body genetically linked- autosomal recessive (affects eyes, brain, liver, kidneys) gait disturbances jaundice tremors abd pain/distention dementia speech problems muscle weakness splenomegaly confusion dementia bilirubin/PT increased albumin/uric acid production kayser-fleisher rings in the eye tx: pyridoxine, corticosteroids

question

pancreatitis

answer

fever N/V chills anxiety jaundice sweating

question

hepatitis A

answer

viral infection that causes liver swelling fatigue n/v fever itching increased liver enzymes presence of IgG and IgM enlarged liver

question

hepatitis B

answer

sexually transmitted disease jaundice dark urine malaise joint pain fever fatigue decreased albumin

question

gastritis

answer

inflammation of stomach lining loss of appetite hiccups n/v (blood) abd pain

question

ulcer

answer

helicobacter pylori weight loss chest pain heartburn vomiting indigestion fatigue tx: bismuth, famotidine, sucralfate, cimetidine, omeprazole

question

diverticulitis

answer

abnormal pouch formation that becomes inflamed in the intestinal wall fever diarrhea n/v constipation

question

hiatal hernia

answer

stomach sticks into the chest through the diaphragm cause reflex symptoms

question

ulcerative colitis

answer

chronic inflammation of the rectum and large intestine weight loss jaundice diarrhea abd pain fever joint pain GI bleeding tx: mesalamine, corticosteriods, azathioprine

question

strabismus

answer

eyes are moving in different stages

question

macular degneration

answer

limited vision straight ahead wet type more common vit C, zinc and vit E may help slow progression

question

esotropia

answer

appearance of cross-eyed gaze or internal strabismus

question

exotropia

answer

external strabismus or divergent gaze

question

aphthous ulcer

answer

canker sore

question

meniere's disease

answer

inner ear disorder vertigo ringing tinnitus hearing loss tx: dazed low salt diet

question

labrynthitis

answer

vertigo associated with nausea and malaise related to bacterial and viral infections

question

amniocentesis

answer

used for spina bifida Rh compatibility immature lungs down syndrome

question

preeclampsia

answer

presence of protein in urine and increased BP during pregnancy abnormal rapid weight gain H/A peripheral edema nausea anxiety HTN low urination frequency

question

polyhydaminos

answer

high levels of amniotic fluid that can cause gestational diabetes and congenital defects

question

sheehan's syndrome

answer

hypopituitarism caused by uterine hemorrhage during childbirth amenorrhea fatigue unable to breast-feed baby anxiety decreased BP hair loss tx: hormone therapy

question

toxic shock syndrome

answer

infection of (S. Aureus) that causes organ disorders and shock seizures headaches hypotension fatigue multiple organ involvement fever N/V

question

hirsutism

answer

development of dark areas of hair in women that are uncommon high androgen levels (cushing's)

question

endometriosis

answer

abnormal tissue growth outside the uterus tx: progesterone, surgery

question

ermatitis statis

answer

decreased blood flow to lower legs resulting in a skin irritation, possible ulcers

question

onychomycosis

answer

fungal infection related to fingernails or toenails often caused by trichophyton rubrum

question

lichen planus

answer

pink or purple spots on legs and arms treat with topical corticosteroid lesions are itchy, flat and polygonal may cause hair loss

question

psoriasis

answer

can lead to arthritis tx: UV light, tar soap, topical steroid cream reddish rash

question

stevens-johnson syndrome

answer

rashes involves inside of mouth may be due to drug sensitivity can lead to uveitis or keratitis

question

scabies

answer

human itch mite raised red bumps that are itchy

question

st. anthony's fire

answer

calviceps purpurea (fungus) can cause intense pain in the extremities by causing blood vessels to constrict

question

impetigo

answer

skin infection caused by staph or strep that causes itchy red skin and pustules

question

melasma

answer

mask of pregnancy

question

urticaria

answer

elevated itchy areas that are linked to allergic reaction may be accompanied with edema and may blanch with touch "hives"

question

vitiligo

answer

loss of melanocytes resulting in skin turning white hair in regions also affected will turn white

question

spine

answer

7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacrum 4 coccyx

question

legg-calve-perthes disease

answer

poor blood supply to superior aspect of the femur most common in boys age 4-10 femur ball flattens out and deteriorates hip and knee pain limited AROM and PROM pain with gait and unequal leg length

question

developmental dysplasia of the hip

answer

fat rolls asymmetrical abnormal leg length AROM limited

question

slipped capital femoral epiphysis

answer

more common in males most common hip disorder in adolescents ball of femur separates from femur along epiphysis hip pain gait dysfunction knee pain abnormal hip AROM

question

systemic lupus serythemtosus

answer

autoimmune disorder that affects joints, skin, various organ systems chronic and inflammatory more common in females butterfly rash weight loss fever hair loss abd pain mouth sores fatigue seizures arthritis nausea joint pain psychosis tx: NSAIDS, protective clothing, cytotoxic drugs, hydorxychloroquine

question

paget's disease

answer

abnormal bone development that follows bone destruction joint pain bow legged appearance hearing loss neck and back pain headaches increased alkaline phosphate tx; NSAIDS, calcitonin, plicamycin, etidronate

question

osteoarthritis

answer

morning stiffness joint pain limited AROM weight bearing increases symptoms

question

gout

answer

uric acid development in the joints causing arthritis tests: uric acid in urine

question

duchenne muscular dystrophy

answer

genetically X linked recessive type of muscular dystrophy that starts in lower extremities dystrophin-protein dysfunction CPK levels increased scoliosis

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